ENGLISH EASY IS WITH GRAMMAR FOCUS: TABLES

TABLES - II

grammar focus

►Gerunds

A gerund always follows these verbs.

I enjoy meeting unusual people.

I dislike spending a lot of time by myself.

I don’t mind waiting for people.

I avoid talking on the phone. (evitar)

An infinitive or gerund can follow these verbs.

I like going/to go to parties.

I love watching/to watch movies alone.

I hate waiting /to wait for people.

I can’t stand staying/to stay home alone. (I can’t either.)

A gerund is often the object of a preposition.

I’m interested in meeting unusual people.

Agree / Desagree

I like it = eu gosto

I don’t mind it = não me importo

I can’t stand it = não suporto

It bothers me = me chatea

It really upsets me = fico doente

It makes me hoppy = deixe-me

It embarrasses me = deixa–me constrangimento

I avoid = evitar

Hate = destestar/lamentar

Observation:

1 – enjoy/dislike/don’t mind and avoid = always followed -ING.

2 – like/love/hate and can’t stand followed by either and -ING/inf.

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grammar focus

►Noun clauses after be

That in noun clauses after be is optional. Notice the prepositions that are used with the following nouns.

An advantage of having an older brother is (that) you always have someone to help you.

The best thing about having brothers and sisters is (that) you’re never lonely.

A problem with having lots of brothers and sisters is (that) you don’t ger a very big allowance.

(obs.: preposition of, about, with / v. Be)

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grammar focus

Should and ought to in the active and passive

►The modals should and ought to are often used to express suggestions.

►►Actives = modal + simple form of verb

Teachers shouldn’t give students failing grades.

Students ought to have access to the internet.

►►Passive = modal + be + past participle.

Students shouldn’t be given failing grades. Without ‘to’

Students ought to be allowed to watch TV in class. Sempre com ‘to’

Observação:

►can/could = v. poder /capacidade/habilidade/sinonimo “to be able to” = ser capaz de.

►Should/shouldn’t = v.dever(deveria) / ought to - advice/suggestion/recommendation.

Voz passiva :

Sujeito	verbo	objeto OI/OD	complemento
Teachers	shouldn’t give	students	Failing grades.
Students(antes obj.)	shouldn’t given	-	Failing grades.

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grammar focus

Infinitives and gerunds to talk about how to do things

► Notice(v. dar-se conta) the use of infinitives and gerunds to talk about ways and methods of doing things.

A good way to learn a foreign language is to make friends with a native speaker.

(v. inf. with to)

The only way to learn to speak a new language is to live in a country where it is spoken. (v. inf. with to)

The best way to learn about literature is by taking a course. (v.inf. with to)

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grammar focus

In order to and so that

► The expressions in order to and so that introduce a reason or purpose for doing something.

I plan to buy a computer so that I can master some new softwere programs.

I purchased a video course on public speaking so that I could learn to give better speeches.

I enrolled in a cooking class in order to learn how to cook.

Obs.:

So that = para que / de modo que

In order to (a fim de)= para que/de modo que

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grammar focus

►ORDER OF ADJECTIVES

When two or more adjectives occur in a sentence, they usually follow this order.

	Quality	Size	Age	Type	Noun	Modifying phrase
A	picturesque	little	old		town	In the mountains.
An	exciting	big		part	city	With lots of street life.

is a

Brasília

middle,

modern,

political,

town

and a lot of architecture build.

Brasília is a modern, middle, political, town and a lot of architecture build.

My hometown is a huge, modern, industrial city with a busy downtown area.

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grammar focus

This table talk about ‘aposto’ in Português frases entre vírgulas que se retirada não fará falta - Defining and non-defining relative clauses.

►A defining(D) relative clause defines or gives essential information about a nouns.

New Orleans is a city WHERE PEOPLE GO TO CELEBRATE MARDI GRAS. (D)

Salvador is famous for food and music THAT TRACE THEIR ORIGINS TO AFRICA. (D)

►A non-defining(ND) relative clause gives optional information about a noun. Notice the use of commas.

Seoul, WHICH HASTED THE 1988 SUMMER OLYMPICS, is well known for its shopping. (ND) (between commas)

Or Seoul is well known for its shopping. (no between commas)

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grammar focus

Clauses stating reasons and conditions

►Because and since introduce causes and reasons.

I often lie awake at night because I have so much pressure at work.

Since I’m a very light sleeper, any small noise wakes me up.

(as palavras que demonstram a razão porque alguma coisa acontece).

►Provided that introduces a condition on which another situation depends.

I can get along on five hours of sleep a night, provided that I can take a nap during the day.

(o advérbio demonstra que uma determinada situação depende da outra informando uma condição/dependência).

►Even if introduces a situation that does not influence another situation.

I sometimes lie awake at night, even if I’m very tired.

(o advérbio demonstra que uma coisa não influência na outra).

► Unless introduces something that must happen in order to avoid a consequence.

Unless I get eight hours of uninterrupted sleep, I feel tired the next day.

(palavra que demonstra a conseqüência de alguma coisa que ocorreu).

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grammar focus

►Showing contrast and exception

While many Americans drive every day, people in my country use public transportation.

Unlike the average American, people in my country don’t use credit cards very often.

In contrast to the average American, people in my country don’t usually eat out.

Exemple:

Use except that and except for to show and exception.

I’m very similar to the average American except (that) I don’t have a car.

People in my country don’t eat out except (for) an special occasions.

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grammar focus

Conditional sentences

Use the simple past tense in the if clause and would + verb in the main clause to talk about hypothetical situations.

► Conditional sentence: If people cared more about the environment, our cities would be cleaner. (fact: People don’t care enough about the environment.)

►If more people rode public transportation, we wouldn’t have such a serious pollution problem.

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grammar focus

Infinitive and gerund phrases

►It + be + adjective + infinitive phrase is often used to comment on behavior (comportamento).

It’s impolite to ask about other people’s personal business.

It’s boring to hear her stories about famous people.

►These sentences can be restated with gerund phrases.

Asking about other people’s personal business is impolite.

Hering her stories about famous people is boring.

OBSERVATION:

Use these adjectives to complete the sentences about typical or appropriate behavior. Decide if you need not in front of each adjective. Compare with a partner.

UNacceptable INappropriate UNcustomary UNimportant IMpolite UNusual UNcommon

1 – It’s ---not polite--- to speak a foreign language in front of people who don’t understand it. (Obs.: v. infinitive)

2 – Complimenting a person about his or her appearance is ---polite---. (Obs.: v. gerund)

3 - It’s ---acceptable--- to ask as a lot of questions to keep a conversation going. (Obs.: v. infinitive)

4 – Asking someone’s age is ---not polite---. (obs.: v. gerund)

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grammar focus

Reported speech

► Statements

They got engaged. (v. simple past)

►►Reported statements

He said (that) they had gotten engaged. (v. participle)

►Yes-No Questions

Has the date been set? (v. prest. perfect)

►►Reported Yes-No Questions

I asked him if the date had been set yet. (v. past. Perfect)

►Wh-Questions

What are you planning to do? (v. present)

►►Reported Wh-Questions

I asked her what she was planning to do. (v. past)

►Commands (imperativo)

Don’t say anything!

►►Reported Commands

My friend told me not to say anything. (imperative form) (v.inf. + to)

► General Truths (fenomenos d natureza)

The sun rises in the east.

►► Reported General Thuths

She said (that) the Sun rises in the east. (v. inf.)

►Immediately Reported Statements

Steve is going to be fired.

►► Immediately Reported Statements in Reported Speech

I (just) heard (that) Steve is going to be fired. (v. s. present)

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Sons english X português

Sons:

English - Português EI - A

EE. - E

AI - I

OU. - O

IU. - U

0,1 - 2,3... consoante fica em português o som e de zero(0) a uma(1) fica o som português. Word

E m a i l E. M. A. I. L

Quantas vogais - 3 = e, a, i

Quantas consoantes - 2 = M, L

Logo

Ler em português

O que faz o som se torna ei ou...

E a quantidade de consoantes entre eles (vogais)

E. M. A. I. L - tem:

ee M ei ai L. o 'ai'. Se torna nulo i (ai) de traz para frente perde o som e volta para 'i' ou afetado pelo som seguinte i. de ei. = ei:

Sons = se lê. ( imei:l )

(1). , (0) n° de consoante entre vogais entre as vogais I e A e E Observe que entre 'I' e 'A' tem zero (0) consoante e entre 'I' para o 'A' o som 'ai' se torna nulo permanecendo o som do 'ei' = 'ei:' Entre A e E tem uma (1) consoante ficando o som de com extensão = 'ee' - 'i:'

Por por regra : observe que o som das vogais sera afetado dependendo do numero de consoantes entre as vogais pulando de traz para a frente podendo ser anulado o primeiro som.

Twitter = 2 vogais entre 2 consoantes

T. W. I. T. T. E. R

2. Então o 'i' ser afetado porque o que antecede o som são 2 consoantes (se 2 consoantes ou mais fica o som em português ) = i2 ver tabela sempre. Por regra : Se ficar na segunda com 2 ou mais consoante permanece o som da letra em português. De zero(0) a uma (1) consoante fica o som em english.

Assista o video com explicação na web abaixo: http://www.sbt.com.br/ratinho/

PESSOAS esta não é uma dica

observação de quem anda por ai:

Pessoas quero deixar aqui para você, que esta nos acompanhando -, uma nova lição que é ler "leia" sempre não importando o nível do livro em english ou grau de instrução, o que você tem que encontrar a sua frente e identificar são: primeiro - ler importa principalmente em interpletar o texto e o contexto e, entender é identificar o conteúdo é também, compreender o movimento e a ação do texto e das palavras; embora, em forma de ação e movimento temos que reconhecer cada elemento e adotar um dicionário principalmente enquanto lemos, que é um amigo daquele que não tem tempo ou considera que não tem memória de elefante. Pessoas, ainda lembrando que,
o conteúdo é importante dentro do contexto por que voce necessita identificar a palavra chave e observar na lei do movimento bem como da ação, para quem faz algo ou deseja fazê-lo identificando o objeto realizado ou a realizar dentro do texto para o contexto ou vise versa (não se esqueça que os adjetivos, substantivos e verbos formam este estudo para analisar e entender a direção desejada no texto e contexto) .
+++ por exemplo - um livro de english infantil tem conteúdo, mas, principalmente contexto (passos que talvez não imaginamos fazer parte da gramática, mas que identificada a informação é) -, esta matéria vale para aqueles que pensam que o primeiro grau não valeu - pense melhor porque no segundo grau ainda é matéria de português - valeu!
++++ pessoas leiam livros de english TAMBÉM infantil por que alí voce encontrará dicas de pequenos movimentos e de ações que não recordamos dos passos e vamos correndo o mundo buscando mais, e não fiquem somente with child's books adote outro nível.

OBS.: PESSOAL PARA AQUELES QUE NÃO SABEM AINDA SOU ESTUDANTE DE ENGLISH (Nível Avançado) - nem por isto terei que saber tudo -, obrigada

LESSON SIXTY EIGHT


CAUSATIVE USE OF HAVE

►Para indicar uma ação realizada para alguém a nosso pedido ou em nosso favor, usamos uma forma apropriada do verbo to HAVE ou to GET e o particípio passado do verbo principal.

	Ex.:  I often have my car washed.

          	 I often get my car washed.

	         He had this house painted.

	         He got his house painted.

	         We will have our hair cult tomorrow.

                 We will get our hair cut tomorrow.
	

		           

Pessoas esta vale lembrar - o que é preposição - uma palavra que estabelece relação entre palavras na mesma oração


Pessoas você necessita fazer exercícios dos cursos livre da internet para complemento das fases Elementary, Intermediate e Advanced with possessive adjectives and pronouns para seu próprio entendimento, por exemplo:



ELEMENTARY


Check A if the subject performed the action and B when someone else did it.


1 – She cleans her room every day. (   )

2 – I took a picture yesterday.  (    )

3 – Judy was making her dress. (    )



INTERMEDIATE


Transform the sentences using causative have.


1 – They are washing their car now.

______________________________________________


2 – I have brushed my hair.

______________________________________________


3 – I’ll publish my poems some day.

______________________________________________




ADVANCED


Write sentences.

Example: Cindy/ mail / the letters / tomorrow.

Cindy will have the letters mailed tomorrow.



1 – I? just press? My clothes

_____________________________________________


2 – Bob? pull? two teeth? Next week

_____________________________________________


3 – Doris ? do? The dishes ? every day

____________________________________________

LESSON SIXTY NINE


IT TAKES

►Usa-se it takes pra expressar o período de tempo que se leva para realizar uma ação.

Ex.:  It takes me 20 minutes to GO from home to school.
      It will take us 30 minutes to clean our room.

	           

Pessoas esta vale lembrar - o que é preposição - uma palavra que estabelece relação entre 



Pessoas você necessita fazer exercícios dos cursos livre da internet para complemento das fases Elementary, Intermediate e Advanced with possessive adjectives and pronouns para seu próprio entendimento, por exemplo:



ELEMENTARY


Rewrite the sentences using it takes, it took or it will take.

 Example: He goes to school in 10 minutes.

          It takes him 10 minutes to go to school.

        
1 – I recovered from my cold in a week.

_______________________________________

2 – She went to work in 45 minutes.

_______________________________________

3 – You’ll reach him in 20 minutes.

_______________________________________



INTERMEDIATE


Answer these questions.


1 – How long does it take her to write a report? (30 minutes)

______________________________________________


2 – How long does it take you to clean the house? (one day)

______________________________________________

3 – How long will it take you to go to Rome?  (7 hours)

______________________________________________

LESSON SEVENTY


GERUND

►O gerúndio é uma forma verbal caracterizada pela terminação –ing e funciona como substantivo.
	Ex.:  Swimming is good to our body

►O gerúndio também é usado:
a)	Após preposições.
Ex.: She is tired of working.
b)	Após os verbos come e go (quando indicarem atividade física).
Ex.: Let’s GO shopping.
c)	Após os verbos: admit, avoid, appreciate, consider, continue, delay, detest, deny, enjoy, escape, finish, imagine, keep, mind, miss, practice, resist, suggest, stop, try e understand.
Ex.: He admitted  being wrong.

►	Assim como o gerúndio, o particípio presente também é caracterizado pela
terminação –ing. O particípio presente é usado para  formar tempos contínuos.
	Ex.: He is playing the guitar now.


Pessoas esta vale lembrar - o que é preposição - uma palavra que estabelece relação entre


Pessoas você necessita fazer exercícios dos cursos livre da internet para complemento das fases Elementary, Intermediate e Advanced with possessive adjectives and pronouns para seu próprio entendimento, por exemplo:


ELEMENTARY

I – Supply the gerund form of the verbs in parentheses.
      
1 – The man admitted……………………(steal) the jewelry.
2 – She is very fond of ………………….(swim).
3 – They would appreciate………………(hear) from you.

LESSON SEVENTY ONE


INFINITIVE

► O infinitivo é a forma original do verbo  e pode aparecer com ou sem a partícula to.
	
►Usa-se o infinitivo sem to:
a)	Após os verbos anômalos, os verbos auxiliares do e Will e os verbos make e let.
Ex.: I can swim.
       Do you like coffee?
       Let me go.		  	
b)	Após as conjunções but e except.
Ex.: I will do nothing but cry.

►Usa-se o infinitivo com to:
a)	Após os verbos tell, invite, teach, remind, wish, desire, want.
	Ex.: I want to go home.
                  He told me to stop.
b)	Após as palavras too, enough, the first, the second, the last, the only.
Ex.: We are too young to die.
         I  was the first one to arrive. 
c)	Após adjetivos.
Ex.: This exercise is fifficult to do.


►►Atenção! O verbo help aceita infinitivo com ou sem to.
   Ex.: They helped us do our homework.
           They helped us to do our homework.

Pessoas esta vale lembrar - o que é preposição - uma palavra que estabelece relação entre


Pessoas você necessita fazer exercícios dos cursos livre da internet para complemento das fases Elementary, Intermediate e Advanced with possessive adjectives and pronouns para seu próprio entendimento, por exemplo:


INTERMEDIATE

I – Supply the infinitive with or without to.
      
1 – Let’s……………………(dance), shall we?
2 – It’s hard ………………….(study) all day.
3 – I’ll do anything for you but………………(wash) your car.
Salvar
II – Supply the infinitive with or without to.

1 – It is wrong…………………(treat) animals cruelly.
2 – Please, let me ……………..(study) here.
3 – I made him………….(answer) the letter.

LESSON SEVENTY TWO



INFINITEVE AND GERUND


► Os verbos feel, hear, notice, observe, see, watch podem ser seguidos de gerúndio ou de infinitivo sem to.
           Ex.: They watched tehe birds flying.
                  They watched the bids fly.
	
►Verbos que podem seguindos de gerúndio ou de infinivo com to:

advise	forget	permit
allow	hate	prefer
attempt	intend	remember
begin	like	start
continue	love	stop
dislike	neglect	try
Ex.: I hate getting up early.
I hate to get up early.



►Os verbos advise, permit e allow, acompanhados de objeto direto, são seguidos do infinitivo com to. Não havendo objeto direto, esses verbos são seguidos apenas  de gerúndio.
Ex.: He allowed us to smoke.
        He allowed us smoking.
►Observe o verbo stop:
     They stopped to talk. (Eles pararam para converser.)
      They stopped talking. (Eles pararam de conversar.) 



Pessoas esta vale lembrar - o que é preposição - uma palavra que estabelece relação entre 

Pessoas você necessita fazer exercícios dos cursos livre da internet para complemento das fases Elementary, Intermediate e Advanced with possessive adjectives and pronouns para seu próprio entendimento, por exemplo:

INTERMEDIATE

Supply the Gerund or the Infinitive of the verbs in parentheses.

1 – I  heard you………………….(sing.)

2 – We observed the bird…………………(make) is nest.
3 -  They started……………….(look) for the criminal.

ADVANCED

Supply the Gerund or the Infinitive of the verbs in parentheses.

1 – They had a bath before……………………….(go) to school.
2 – It’s hard…………………..(study) all day.
3 – We heard the baby……………….(cry).

LESSON SEVENTY THREE



WOULD RATHER / HAD BETTER

► Would rather (‘d rather) expressa preferência.
   Ex.: I’m tired. I would rather take a taxi than walk home.
	
►Had better (‘d better) expressa  conselho.
   Ex.: You look  sick. You had better see a doctor.



Pessoas esta vale lembrar - o que é preposição - uma palavra que estabelece relação entre


Pessoas você necessita fazer exercícios dos cursos livre da internet para complemento das fases Elementary, Intermediate e Advanced with possessive adjectives and pronouns para seu próprio entendimento, por exemplo:


ELEMENTARY

Supply would rather or had better.

1 – I ………………….eat in a restaurant than at home.
2 – He…………………rest a while. He’s been working for five hours.
3 -  You……………….go to the dentist immediately.

INTERMEDIATE

I – Transform these sentences in order to introduce would rather or had better.
    
1 – It will be better if you take an umbrella.
____________________________________
2 – She prefers to go by car. She doesn’t like to walk.
____________________________________
3 – It will be better if I go home now. It’s very late.
____________________________________

II – Supply the correct tag ending.

1 – You’d rather spend the winter in the mountains,……………..?
2 – The doctor’d rather examine him in this office,………………?
3 – She’d better see him after lunch,……………………..?

New Instrution

Pistas tipográficas

Elementos visuais chamados de pistas tipográficas podem ajudar na compreensão do texto. Como por exemplo: figuras, datas, números, tabelas, entre outras. Estas dicas são informações que encontramos igualmente no texto.

Outras pistas tipográficas são os recursos de escrita como:

- ‘’ ‘’ (aspas) destacam palavras ou identificam o discurso direto;

- ( ) (parênteses) trazem uma explicação, ou ainda, uma ideia integrada ao texto.

- negrito faz realce a um destaque de ideia, termo ou palavra;

- itálico da mesma forma que o negrito, destaca uma ideia, palavra, termo, menos relevante que o negrito.

-... (reticências) ressaltam a continuação de uma ideia;

Vamos tentar colocar em prática todas as estratégias que revisamos e as que aprendemos? Leia os textos em busca da ideia geral. Faça isso como um exercício mental. Use o maior número de estratégias aqui trabalhadas. Em caso de dúvida entre em contato com seus colegas, professores, ou tutores.

Texto I: “Distance education helps people who work and can study in the usual time. In this modality, students have to interact a lot, the entire time. If you want to study in this modality you need to know how to work with technology (like video, computer and data).”

Uma estratégia que pode ser usada neste texto são as palavras transparentes, que nos auxiliam a atingir o assunto do texto que poderia ser: educação a distância (Distance education); study-estudar; o público alvo são os estudantes verificamos isso com a palavra transparente students.

Nas atividades de prática treinaremos mais as estratégias de leitura.

Passemos agora para o próximo tópico da unidade: o tempo presente.

Presente:

Na língua inglesa temos diferentes formas de presente: o inicial e mais básico de todos serve para descrever pessoas, coisas e animais, localizá-los, dizer como estão. É o tempo presente do verbo to be (ser e estar). Vamos revisá-lo e aprender mais alguns aspectos sobre ele e após seguir para os outros tipos de tempo presente que existem na língua inglesa e observar o seu uso.

O verbo to be significa ser ou estar. É um verbo que precisamos conhecer em todas as suas formas, pois dele dependem outros tempos verbais a serem desenvolvidos e produzidos.

This is Mary. She is Australian. She is in Toronto at this moment. She goes to Mexico twice a week. She is a lawyer. She’s tall and thin. My brother is her boyfriend. They love each other.

Vocabulary:

each other = um ao outro

lawyer = advogada

Percebam que o texto acima está no presente. Através dele obtemos informações como: nome, profissão, nacionalidade, aparência física e as pessoas relacionadas à moça do texto.

O verbo responsável por estas informações é o to be. Recordemos um pouco da estrutura desse verbo.

Segue na tabela abaixo o verbo to be nas suas principais formas: afirmativa, negativa e interrogativa, bem como em suas formas contraídas.

Pronome Pessoal	Afirmativo	Negativo	Interrogativo
I	Am (‘m)	Am not (‘m not)	Am I?
You	Are (‘re)	Are not (‘re not) = aren’t	Are you?
He / she/ it	Is (‘s)	Is not (‘s not) = isn’t	Is he/she/it?
We	Are (‘re)	Are not (‘re not) = aren’t	Are we?
You	Are (‘re)	Are not (‘re not) = aren’t	Are you?
They	Are (‘re)	Are not (‘re not) = aren’t	Are they?

Observações:

Pequenas dicas que são importantes para usarmos ou apneas o reconhecermos em um texto.

1) Observe que “she”, “he”, e “it” equivalem à TERCEIRA PESSOA DO SINGULAR. Assim, eles apresentam a mesma conjugação em qualquer tempo verbal.

Compreendendo os textos em língua inglesa

2) Ao lado das formas verbais, entre parênteses, encontramos as formas contraídas (abreviadas) de cada verbo. Essas são as formas simplificadas para se escrever, ou geralmente associadas à fala (oralidade).

3) O pronome “you” significa “você” ou “vocês” podendo ser singular, ou plural, dependendo do contexto. Ambos possuem a mesma conjugação.

Nos exemplos abaixo percebemos a diferença entre os dois. Notem a importância de se observar o contexto:

a) You are a good secretary.= Você é uma boa secretária.

b) You are excellent doctors.= Vocês são ótimos médicos.

Um indicador que o exemplo a) equivale a singular é o artigo indefinido “a” (um, uma), indicador de singular. Outra pista é a palavra secretary que também se encontra no singular. Ambos demonstram que o pronome You da frase relaciona-se a você (singular).

No exemplo b) vemos que a profissão está no plural - doctors- mostrando que o pronome you diz respeito a vocês (plural).

4) Para fazermos a forma negativa precisamos apenas acrescentar o “not” após o verbo to be.

Exemplo: He is not nervous.

5) Para fazermos a forma interrogativa, basta modificarmos a posição do verbo e do pronome pessoal, invertendo ambos.

Exemplo: Is she a nurse?

Lembraram um pouco deste tempo verbal e do próprio verbo?

Vamos estudar agora outra forma verbal que utiliza o verbo to be conhecida como Presente Contínuo ou Progressivo:

Prestem atenção ao texto:

Marlon is Richard´s brother. They live together in New York. Their family live at the same house. There are about 9 family members in the same place. Let´s check what everybody is doing. Mr and Mrs Smith are watching TV, they´re Marlon’s parents. Dorothy and Michael are Marlon´s grandparents. He is reading the newspaper and she is knitting. Cezar is Marlon’s cousin. He is studying with a friend in the library. Richard is listening to music in the living room. Nelci and Jason are Marlon’s godparents. She is swimming in the pool and he is watering the plants in the garden. Cathy is Cezar’s girlfriend. She is running in the yard, she loves to exercise.

Quando interpretamos o texto percebemos que muitas pessoas estão fazendo coisas ao mesmo tempo, ou seja, as ações estão sendo descritas de forma progressiva, quando ainda estão acontecendo. Esta é uma das características do tempo Presente

Presente Progressivo ou Presente Continuo

Este tempo verbal depende do verbo to be para ser constituído. O verbo to be será usado como auxiliar e sua tradução será “estar”. Após o verbo to be acrescentamos o verbo principal no gerúndio–ING). Vamos visualizar o que estamos mencionando:

Estrutura:

Verbo to be no presente (am/ are/ is) + verbo principal com o acréscimo do -ing.

Exemplo:

We are running. Nós estamos correndo.

Quando este tipo de presente aparecer no texto ele indicará:

• Que as ações estão acontecendo no momento da fala, ou seja, que estão em progresso;

Exemplo: He is driving a truck at this moment.

(Ele está dirigindo um caminhão neste momento.)

• Que as ações estão ocorrendo próximo do momento da fala (um pouco antes, um pouco após);

• Que as ações se desenvolverão em um futuro próximo;

Exemplo: He is not coming to the meeting in the evening. (Ele não não virá para a reunião a noite.)

• Que as ações são temporárias;

Um aspecto que torna esse tempo fácil para nós, é o fato de podermos traduzi-lo de forma literal, pois o -ing tem equivalência ao - ando, -endo e -indo da língua portuguesa, em outras palavras ao gerúndio.

Vejam na tabela abaixo um resumo da estrutura do tempo Presente Contínuo. Utilizamos como exemplo o verbo drink (tomar, beber).

	Verb To Drink. Present Continuous / Progressive
	Affirmative		Negative			Interrogative
	Plural	I am drinking		I am not drinking		Am I drinking?
		You’re drinking.		You are not drinking .		Are.you.drinking?
		He is drinking.		He is not drinking.		Is he drinking?
		She is drinking.		She is not drinking.		Is she drinking?
		It is drinking.		It is not drinking.		Is it drinking?
Singular		We are drinking.		We are not drinking.	Are we drinking?
		You.are drinking.		You.are.not eating.	Are.you eating?
		They.are drinking.		They are not eating.	Are they eating?

Expressões de tempo que geralmente indicam esse tempo verbal:

- currently (atualmente); now (agora); at the moment (no momento); today (hoje);

Porém, não esqueça que quando esse tempo indicar futuro as expressões empregadas indicarão futuro próximo como:

- tomorrow (amanhã); tonight (hoje à noite); next week (na próxima semana).

Notem que existem algumas regras ortográficas quanto ao acréscimo do -ing ao verbo:

a) Regra geral: apenas colocamos -ing.

Exemplo: They are talking. (Eles estão conversando).

To talk= conversar

b) Verbos terminados em –e: elimina-se o -e e acrescenta-se o -ing.

Exemplo: We are dancing samba. ( Nós estamos dançando samba)

To dance= dançar

Exceção a esta regra: o verbo to be não sofre alteração, acrescenta-se o –ing (being).

c) Verbos terminados em –ie: troca-se o -ie por -y e adiciona-se -ing.

Exemplo: I am lying to them. (Eu estou mentindo para eles).

to lie= mentir.

d) Verbos curtos de uma ou duas sílabas. No caso dos verbos de duas sílabas, a última é tônica e terminada por consoante, vogal, consoante: dobra-se a última consoante e acrescenta-se -ing.

Exemplo: She is cutting the bread. ( Ela está cortando o pão)

Há alguns verbos que não são conjugados no Presente Contínuo. Por exemplo:

Believe, care, concern, consist of, dislike, doubt, feel (think), forget, forgive, hate, have, hear, keep on, know, like, listen, love, matter, mean, mind (com o sentido de “care about”), notice, owe, own, possess, prefer, realize, recognize, see, seem, sound, think.

Veremos a seguir o último tempo verbal que estudaremos nesta aula sobre o Presente, conhecido como Presente Simples.

Vamos observar os três tempos juntos, pois assim que eles provavelmente aparecerão nos textos.

Leiam o texto abaixo:

I am Maggie. I live with my husband Charles in a wonderful house. We work in the same company, we are engineers. We really like what we do. Actually, Charles likes more. We try to be good professionals. At moment, we are at home, in the library. We are studying about our area and exchanging ideas. It’s nice to work in the same area as my husband.

Presente Simples

Este tempo verbal é usado para expressar:

• Verdades universais.

Exemplo: Birds fly. (Aves voam)

• Expressar a rotina.

Exemplo: I study every week.

(Eu estudo todas as semanas)

Afirmativas

Na forma afirmativa coloca-se o verbo após o pronome sem o to.

Exemplo: to drive= dirigir

I drive

You drive

We drive

They drive

Para as terceiras pessoas do singular – He, She, It – deve-se adicionar “s“ ao verbo, como regra geral:

He helps his mother. ( Ele ajuda sua mãe). To help=ajudar

Trocando Ideias

Advérbios comuns encontrados nesse tempo verbal:

every- cada

never- nunca

always- sempre

often- geralmente

frequently- frequentemente

seldom- raramente

rarely- raramente

sometimes = as vezes

Compreendendo os textos em língua inglesa

Essa regra para as terceiras pessoas do singular possui algumas modificações ortográficas específicas conforme apresentamos a seguir:

• Verbos terminados em s, sh, ch, x, o, z: adiciona-se –“ES”.

Exemplos:

a) dress= vestir- He dresses the baby.

b) go = ir- She goes home.

c) fix= consertar- He fixes the car.

• “ies“ para verbos terminados em -y e precedidos por consoante antes do -y.

Exemplos: She studies English. To study- estudar

Interrogativas

Para fazer sentenças interrogativas, usamos o auxiliar DO para I/ you/ we/ you/ they e DOES para he/ she/ it - antes do sujeito.

Exemplos:

- Do you go home ? (Você vai para casa?)

- Does she drive slowly ? (Ela dirige devagar? )

Negativas

Para fazer uma frase negativa, precisamos apenas colocar “not” depois do DO ou DOES:

- I do not (don’t) live in Rio de Janeiro (eu não moro no Rio de Janeiro)

- She does not (doesn’t) study here. (ela não estuda aqui)

Informações:

Pesquisa: Universidade cruzeiro do sul - Classes virtuais de Inglês técnico

Quotation on love


Vincent Van Gogh	 "Love is something eternal; the aspect may change, but not the essence."
Henry Ward Beecher	 "Young love is a flame; very pretty, often very hot and fierce, but still only light and flickering. The love of the older and disciplined heart is as coals, deep-burning, unquenchable."
Gilbert K. Chesterton	"The way to love anything is to realize that it might be lost."
Johann Wolfgang Von Goethe	 "That is the true season of love; when we believe that we alone can love, that no one could ever have loved as much before, and that no one will ever love in the same way again."
Virginia Woolf	 "For love... has two faces; one white, the other black; two bodies; one smooth, the other hairy. It has two hands, two feet, two tails, two, indeed, of every member and each one is the exact opposite of the other. Yet, so strictly are they joined together"
Fyodor Dostoevski	 "Love all that has been created by God, both the whole and every grain of sand. Love every leaf and every ray of light. Love the beasts and the birds, love the plants, love every separate fragment. If you love each fragment, you will understand the mystery of the whole resting in God."
Etienne	 "We always come back to our first love."
Gary Zukav	"When you interact with another, an illusion is part of this dynamic. This illusion allows each soul to perceive what it needs to understands in order to heal."
John Dryden	"Love works a different way in different minds, the fool it enlightens and the wise it blinds."
Johannes Tauler	 "For where there is true love, a man is neither out of measure lifted up by prosperity, nor cast down by mishap; whether you give or take away from him, so long as he keeps his beloved, he has a spring of inward peace. Thus, even though thy outward man grieve, or weep downright, that may well be borne, if only thy inner man remain at peace, perfectly content with the will of God."
Irwin Federman	"People love others not for who they are, but for how they make them feel."
Mark Van Doren	"To fail to love is not to exist at all."
Jean Anouilh	"There is love of course. And then there's life, its enemy."
Sting	 "Love is stronger than justice."
Zelda Fitzgerald	 "I don't want to live -- I want to love first, and live incidentally."
Francois De La Rochefoucauld	"If we are to judge of love by its consequences, it more nearly resembles hatred than friendship."
http://www.curso-ingles.com/videos/directorio/queen/radio-ga-ga.html
http://www.curso-ingles.com/expresiones-ingles.php?id=111

ARTIGO

GRAMMAR TABLE  (FOOTSTEPS)
Advertência: saber quando usar e quando omitir o artigo – tanto definido como indefinido – é uma das coisas mais difíceis para o estrangeiro que aprende inglês. Somente o fato de que o artigo é fundamental, em qualquer idioma, leva-nos a abordar, logo de início passando a ser um dos “bichos-de-sete-cabeças” da gramática inglesa.

Felizmente coisas mais amenas virão pela frente! ... .às regras  básicas são, onde o inglês difere do português.

O artigo definido – o, a , os , as

The definite article – THE

Regra fundamental

Quando o substantivo é usado em sentido genérico, omite-se o artigo.

Children like toys.

(as crianças gostam de brinquedos.)

Brazilians Love soccer.

(Os brasileiros adoram futebol.)

Music is na art.

(A música é uma arte.)



Os substantivos cantáveis (countable nouns) são aqueles que admitem o plural, ou seja, a maioria.

Os substantivos não contáveis (uncountable nouns) são os que, em inglês (às vezes, também, em português), não admitem plural.

Gold (ouro) - information (informação) – Money (dinheiro) – advice  (conselho)

Porém, quando o substantivo é contável e está sendo usado em sentido genérico, no singular emprega-se o artigo.

•	The cat is a domestic animal.

(O gato é um animal doméstico.)

→ cats  are domestic animals.

(Os gatos são animas domésticos.)

•	The computer is a Wonder of technology.

(O computador é  uma maravilha da tecnologia.)

→Computers are wonders of technology.)

(Os computadores  são maravilhas da tecnologia.)

Veja mais – o artigo é omitido apenas no plural. No singular, não!

•	Quando o substantivo é usado em sentido específico,  emprega-se o artigo.

→ The children that are studying....

(As crianças que estão estudando....)

→ The Brazilians Who went to the USA...

(Os brasileiros que foram para os EUA...)

→The music written  by Mozart.....

( a música escrita por Mozart...)



PESSOAS - observe que a pessoa que fala não está se referindo a criança, brasileiros e  musica em geral, mas a determinadas crianças, determinados brasileiros, determinada musica

LESSON ONE


     
  PERSONAL PRONOUNS
   
   
          Subject Pronouns
         Object Pronouns
     
         
   I
   you
   he
   she
   it
   we
   you
   they
    
          
   me
   you
   him
   her
   it
   us
   you
   them
     
 
   
   
   
  - Pronome sujeito: é usado como sujeito da oração.
     Exemple:   I  am  Brazilian.
  - Pronome objeto:  é usado como objeto direto ou objeto indireto.
     Exemple:   Bob  loves  her.
   
  Orações com dois objetos:
  Exemplos:  He gave me some flowers. (enfatiza o objeto direto)
  He gave some flowers  to  me. (enfatiza o objeto indireto)       
   
  Você necessita fazer execicios dos cursos livre da internet para complemento das fases Elementary, Intermediate e Advanced with possessive adjectives and pronouns  para seu próprio entendimento por exemplo:
   
   
   
  ELEMENTARY
   
  Choose the correct alternative.
   
  1 – (We, Us) ofters get up early.
  2 – I usually meet (him, he) at school.
  3 – What is the problem with (they, them)?
   
   
  INTERMEDIATE
   
  Substitute the correst pronouns for the underlined word(s).
   
  1 – Apes  are very intelligent animals.
     
  
   
  2 – The teacher is doing her work in the teachers’ room.
     
  
   
  3 -  What’s the problem with the girls? 
     
  
   
   
  ADVANCED 
   
  Transform the sentences.
   
  Example: She is making a cake for Dad(him). See more in table 
  She is making him a cake.
   
  1 – He is writing a card to her.
     
  
   
  2 – They are buying a birthday present to their mother.
     
  
   
  3 – He always asks difficult questions to us.

LESSON TWO


POSSESSEVE ADJECTIVES AND PRONOUNS
          Possessive   Adjectives
         Possessive   Pronouns
     
        My
         Mine
     
        Your
         Yours
     
        His
         His
     
        Her
         Hers
     
        Its
         Its
     
        Our
         Ours
     
        Your
         Yours
     
        Their
         theirs
     
 
 
          
   - Adjetivo possessivo: precede o subtantivo.
      Exemple: This is  my  book.
   - Pronome  possessivo:   substitui o substantive.
      Exemple:    That book is  mine.
   - Os possessivos geralmente   concordam com o possuidor
      Exemple:  I love my girl, you love  yours.
    
     
         
   ► She is a friend  of    mine. (one of my    friends)
    
     
 
   
Você necessita fazer execicios dos cursos livre da internet para complemento das fases Elementary, Intermediate e Advanced with possessive adjectives and pronouns  para seu próprio entendimento por exemplo:
   
  ELEMENTARY
  Choose the correct alternative.
 
 1 – I am doing (my, mine) homework.
  2 – (our, ours) magazine is here, where are their theirs)?
  3 – Sally is reading (her, hers) English  book, Tom is reading (his, its).
          
  INTERMEDIATE
  Supply the correct possessives.
 
 1 – John writes-------------composition and we don’t write-----------.
  2 – The boys are waiting for -----------girlfriends.
  3 -  Ted, are those some of ----------friends?   
 
 ADVANCED 
 
 Supply the correct possessives for the words in italics.
   
        1 – Mary’s books are on the table. Where are   our books?
    
     
         
   2 – The girls’ shoes aren’t here.
    
     
         
   3 – This is Tom’s skate, I can’t find your   skate.

LESSON THREE



   
  POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES AND PRONOUNS
   
   
          Afirmativa
         Negativa
         Interrogativa
     
        I am
         I Am not
         Am I?
     
        You are
         You are not
         Are you?
     
        He is
         He is not
         Is he?
     
        She is
         She is not
         Is she?
     
        It is
          It is not
         Is it?
     
        We are
         We are not
         Are we?
     
        You are
         You are not
         Are you?
     
        They are
         They are not
         Are they?
     
 
   
   
               ► Forma-se a negative colocando-se not   após  o verbo.
     
        ►   Forma-se a interrogative colocando-se o verbo antes do sujeito.
     
        ► Formas abreviadas: ‘re   (are),  ‘s (is), isn’t   (is not), aren’t (are not).
     
 
   
   
  Você necessita fazer execicios dos cursos livre da internet para complemento das fases Elementary, Intermediate e Advanced with possessive adjectives and pronouns para seu próprio entendimento por exemplo:
   
   
   
  ELEMENTARY
   
  Supplay the verb to be in the Present Tense.
   
  1 – Jack-----------hungry.
  2 – Mr. Lee and I ---------very good friends.
  3 – My house--------------on Lincoln   Street.
          
   
  INTERMEDIATE
   
  Supply the verb  to be  in the Present Tense.
   
  1 – Our company------------- on Copley Road.
  2 – I------------Brazilian. My hometown -----------Recife.
  3 -  ------------your shoes in th closet?
   
  ADVANCED 
   
  Put sentences 1 to 3 into the negative and sentences 4 to 6 into the interrogative form.
   
         Put sentences 1 to 3 into the negative and sentences 4 to 6 into the interrogative form.
   
          1 – They are at home.
    
     
         
   2 – Frank’s our best friend.
    
     
         
   3 – Apples are expensive   this week.
    
     
         
     
        4 - I’m angry with you.
    
     
        5 – My answers are correct.
    
    
     
        6 – Their book is on the   table.

LESSON FOUR


     
   
  LESSON  FOUR
   
   
  TO BE (past tense)
   
   
          Afirmativa
         Negativa
         Interrogativa
     
        I was
         I was not
         was I?
     
        You were
         You were not
         were you?
     
        He was
         He was not
         was he?
     
        She was
         She was not
         was she?
     
        It was
          It was not
         was it?
     
        We were
         We were not
         were we?
     
        You were
         You were not
         were you?
     
        They were
         They were not
         were they?
     
 
   
   
               ► Forma-se a negative colocando-se not   após  o verbo.
     
        ►   Forma-se a interrogative colocando-se o verbo antes do sujeito.
     
        ► Formas abreviadas: wasn‘t   (was not),  weren‘t (were not).
     
 
   
   
  Você necessita fazer exercícios dos cursos livre da internet para complemento das fases Elementary, Intermediate e Advanced with possessive adjectives and pronouns para seu próprio entendimento por exemplo:
   
   
   
  ELEMENTARY
   
  Supplay the verb to be in the Past Tense.
   
  1 –I -----------tired last night.
  2 – They ---------last for school .
  3 – She --------------very happy at her birthday party.
          
   
  INTERMEDIATE
   
  Supply the verb  to be  in the Past Tense.
   
  1 – The old school building------------- near my house, it was far away.
  2 – ------------the scientists tired after the meeting?
  3 - Summer ------------very hot last year.
   
  ADVANCED 
   
  Put sentences 1 to 3 into the negative and sentences 4 to 6 into the interrogative form.
   
          1 – We were absent from   class yesterday.
    
     
         
   2 – The boxes were at the   correct place.
    
     
         
   3 – I was very angry at you.
    
     
         
     
        4 – The policemen were near   the corner.
    
     
        5 – The red fish was out of   the fish bowl.
    
    
     
        6 – My name was the first on   the list.
    
    
     
 
   
   
              “to be” -  era/estava  (pretérito perfeito/imperfeito)
   
  I have been          I was                to be       I/you will be     I/you would be   
  Past Part.|<- --àpast tense|<----|present|----àfuture<---à|future/prêt. 
  Tenho sido      Eu era/estava       ser/estar   eu serei/estarei    Eu seria/estaria 
   
  Elementary
   
  I was tired last night. (eu estava cansado ontem à noite)  
   
  Intermediate
   
  Your book was on the table a minute ago. (seu livro estava na mesa um minuto atrás)
   
  Advanced
   
  My name was the first on the list. (Meu nome foi o primeiro na lista)

LESSON FIVE


  THERE TO BE (Present/past)
   
              
           
         PRESENT
          PAST
     
        Singular
         There is (Há)
         There was (Havia)
     
        Plural
         There are (Há)
         There were (Havia)
     
 
   
   
               ► Formas afirmativas:  there is, there are, there was, there were.
     
        ►   Forma interrogativas is there?, are there?, was there?, were there? 
     
        ► Formas negativas:  there is not, there are not, there was not,   there      were not. 
   ►Formas abreviadas: there‘s   (there is), there isn’t (there is not), there aren’t (there are not),  there wasn‘t (there was not),   there weren’t (there were not).
     
 
   
   
  Você necessita fazer exercícios dos cursos livre da internet para complemento das fases Elementary, Intermediate e Advanced with possessive adjectives and pronouns para seu próprio entendimento por exemplo:
   
   
   
  ELEMENTARY
   
  Put sentences  in negative and interrogative form.
   
  1 –  I  There is homework for tomorrow.
  2 – There were science books in our class .
  3 – There is a lemon in the refrigerator.
          
   
  INTERMEDIATE
   
  Choose the correct alteranative.
   
  1 –  What (is there, there is) under the chair?
  2 – (There is, There was) a police car here a minute ago.
  3 – What (are there, was there) empty boxes in the garage.
   
  ADVANCED 
   
  Supplay the correct form of there to be in the sentences below.
          1 – ………………….an accident on First Avenue   yesterday.
    
     
         
   2 – …………………anybody in room   201 now?
    
     
         
   3 – …………………double about your   project last week.

LESSON SIX


 
   
  THE INDEFINITE ARTICLES: A/AN
   
   
          ►  A   (um, uma):usado antes de palavras que iniciam com som de consoante.
        Ex.:    a boy      a horse       a year    a university       a chair
   ► An (um, uma): usado antes de palavras que iniciam com som de vogal.
         Ex.:    an egg           an umbrella           an hour
     
        ► A e An  não são usados antes de substantivos no   plural e de substantivos incontáveis (uncontable).
   Ex.: Horses are mammals.
          Would you like some   Bread?
           I need some money.
    
     
 
   
   
   
  Você necessita fazer exercícios dos cursos livre da internet para complemento das fases Elementary, Intermediate e Advanced with possessive adjectives and pronouns para seu próprio entendimento por exemplo:
   
   
   
  ELEMENTARY
   
  Choose the correct alternative.
   
  1 –  (A, An) bird can fly.
  2 – He is (a, an) old man.
  3 – There is  (a, an) child in my room.
          
   
  INTERMEDIATE
   
  Supplay a or or.
           
   1 – She is ……………..woman in   love.
    
     
         
   2 – ……wife is …………woman.
    
     
         
   3 – …………writer writes books.
    
   ADVANCED 
    
   Supplay a or an when   necessary.
    
   1 -  ………..flies are………insects.
    
   2- They are……… Italian. They   like ……..macaroni.
    
   3- We can make ………..cake   with……….egg and………milk.

LESSON SEVEN


DEMONSTRATIVES
          ►  This (este, esta, isto)   refere-se a algo que está próximo. O plural de this é these.
        Ex.:   This book is interesting.
                      These books are interesting.
   ► That (aquele, aquela, aquilo) refere-se a algo que está longe. O plural de tant é those.
           Ex.:    That girl over there is my sister.
                   Those firls over there are my   sisters.
     
         

  
 
  Você necessita fazer exercícios dos cursos livre da internet para complemento das fases Elementary, Intermediate e Advanced with possessive adjectives and pronouns para seu próprio entendimento por exemplo:
   
ELEMENTARY
  Choose the correct alternative.
 
1 –  (That, Those) are the shoes I want.
  2 – I’m tired of  (this, these) job.
  3 – Let’s play with (that, those) children.
  
INTERMEDIATE
  Supplay this or that in questions 1 a 3 and these or those in questions 4  a 6.
           
   1 – Look!…………..is my   girlfriend inside the restaurant.
     
         
   2 – …… isn’t my book. My   book is  over there on the table.
    
   3 – Guess, what is  ………..in my bands?
    
    
     
         
   4 – …………flowers behind that   house are beautiful.
    
   5 – Let’s help ……… little   boys near that  tree.
    
   6 – What are……….bllack spots   on my fingers, doctor?
    
    
   ADVANCED 
    
   Put the sentences into the   plural form.
    
                  
     1 -  What is that paper in  the drawer?
      
         
              2-     This is his favorite rock band.
      
         
              3- My sister likes that     film.

LESSON EIGHT


  LESSON  EIGHT
   
   
  PLURAL OF NOUNS
   
          ►  De   maneira geral, faz-se o plural acrescentando-se  -s à forma do singular.
        Ex.:   table – tables     firl – firls      chief – chiefs      safe – safes.
                    
   ► Substantivos terminados em – s, - ch,   -sh, -x, - z e –o recebem –es. 
         Ex.:   bus    - buses        church – churches        brush    -  brushes.
                   Box – boxes      buzz – buzzes              tomato tomatoes       
         
         
         
         
   ►  Plural   irregular:  man – men     woman     -   women         mouse  - mice
                                     Foot   -     feet      tooth – teeth        child     - children
   ►Alguns sustantivos   terminados em –f ou –fe mudam o  - f   ou  - fe para  -v e recebem –es:
    
   Calf  -   calves                  life-lives                  shelf    -   shelves
   Half  -   halves                 loaf  - loaves           thief     -  thieves
   Knife    - knives               sheaf –   sheaves       wife    -   wives
   Leaf     - leaves                sheaf –   sheaves      wolf –   wolves
    
   ►Palavras   estrangeiras  abreviadas  terminadas em –o recebem –s .
    
   Casino  - casinos            hippo   - hippos
   Photo    - photos              piano  - pianos
    
   ►Algumas  palavras estrangeiras conservam o plural de   origem.
   Bacterium   - bactéria         crisis   - crises           genius    -   genii
   Datum  - data                      basis  - bases             nucleus   - nuclei  
    
     
 
   
   
  Você necessita fazer exercícios dos cursos livre da internet para complemento das fases Elementary, Intermediate e Advanced with possessive adjectives and pronouns para seu próprio entendimento por exemplo:
   
   
   
  ELEMENTARY
   
  Write the plural of the following nouns.
   
  1 –  policeman………………………………………………………...
  2 – door……………………………………………………………….
  3 – century…………………………………………………………….
          
   
  INTERMEDIATE
   
  Put the sentences into the plural form.
   
          1 – This is an old woman.
    
     
         
      2 –That   Frenchman is buying a hat.
    
   
    
   3 – The lady is near the   church.

LESSON NINE


NOUNS:  GENDER

►  Há quatro gêneros em inglês: masculino (man, king, Lion), feminino (woman, lady , hen), neutro (usado para coisas inanimadas:table, door, etc.) e comum (usado para ambos os sexos: person, neighbor, etc.).

►O gênero é indicado por: 


Ex.:  boy  –     girl            brother  -  sister    hull      - cow         cock  - hen


Father  - mother      horse –     mare      husband  - wife    king  - queen


Man  -     woman      nephew   - niece    son – daughter     uncle- aunt



►Terminação diferente: 


Ex.:  actor    -      actress          waiter  -   waitress      heir        - heiress


steward  -    stewardess    lion     -   lioness        ancestor – ancestress

►Anteposição ou posposição de palavras:

Ex.:  Frenchman   - Frenchwoman        he-bear        -  she-bear


Bull-elephant  - cow-elephant       grandfather - grandmother   




você necessita fazer exercícios dos cursos livre da internet para complemento das fases Elementary, Intermediate e Advanced with possessive adjectives and pronouns para seu próprio entendimento por exemplo:




ELEMENTARY



Write the masculine of the following nouns.




1 –  niece………………………………………………………...


2 – lioness……………………………………………………………….


3 – sister…………………………………………………………….




INTERMEDIATE




Rewrite supplying the feminine.





1 – My father  is waiting for his brother.




2 –  Look at that bull near the horse.





3 – The actor is sick.

LESSON TEN


GENITIVE CASE

►  O caso genitivo expressa posse e é usado para pessoas e animais.
Ex.: the boy’s name (the name of the boy)
        the cat’s eyes (the name of the boy)

►   É formado pelo acréscimo de ‘s ao possuidor. 
 Ex.: Jack’s car      Charles’s book     the children’s book     the men’s house. 
►Quando o substantivo termina em –s, usar-se apenas o apóstrofo ( ‘ ): 
Ex.:   the girls’ room        the ladies’ dresses. 

►substantivos compostos são tratados como substantivos simples: 
    Ex.:  my father-in-law’s car.

►O caso genitive também é usado para se referir a lugares.
►Anteposição ou posposição de palavras:
   Ex.: I’m going to Grandma’s. (Grandma’s house)
         He’s going to the baker’s. (the baker’s shop) 
►Pode-se usar o caso genitivo para indicar coisas personificadas ou dignificadas.
    Ex.:  the beauty’s Queen           the earth’s surface

►Quando há mais de uma possuidor:
a) para indicar posse comum,  apenas o último possuidor recebe o genitivo.
Ex.:  Jack and Peter’s father. (o mesmo pai)
b)	para indicar posse individual, usa-se o genitivo para cada um dos possuidores.
Ex.:  Joe’s and Jane’s fathers (pais diferentes)




Você necessita fazer exercícios dos cursos livre da internet para complemento das fases Elementary, Intermediate e Advanced with possessive adjectives and pronouns para seu próprio entendimento por exemplo:



ELEMENTARY

Supply ‘  or ‘s.

1 –  Don………car is in the  garage.
2 – Mr.Simpson………secretary  is outside.
3 – They sell ladies………hats in this store.
  

INTERMEDIATE

Put into the Genitive Case.

1 – The dresses of the girls ----------------------------.

2 –  The tail of the dog            ---------------------------------.

3 – The cat of the students      ----------------------------. 


ADVANCED

Rewrite  supplying ‘ or ‘s where necessary.

1- (The boy and the girl) trousers are dirty.
     ----------------------------------------------------.
2 - We can meet at (Bob).
     ----------------------------------------------------. 
3 - She is going to the (dentist).
----------------------------------------------------. ------

LESSON TWELVE


PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE – II

►  Forma afirmativa:  She is reading.
•	Forma negative:  She is not reading.
•	Forma interrogative: Is she reading? 
►   Formas abreviadas: isn’t (is not), aren’t (are not).
►    Geralmente os verbos não sofrem modificações ao receber  a      terminação –ing.
Porém:
a)	se o verbo termina em –e, ele perde o –e ao receber – ing.
Ex.: drive     - driving        write    - writing        Love  - loving 

b) se o verbo termina em consoante /vogal/consoante, dobra-se a última consoante e acrescenta-se   - ing.
Ex.:  cut       -cutting        swim       - swimmning        run   - running



Você necessita fazer exercícios dos cursos livre da internet para complemento das fases Elementary, Intermediate e Advanced with possessive adjectives and pronouns para seu próprio entendimento por exemplo:


ELEMENTARY

Put the sentences into the negative form.

1 – The boys atre writing letters
------------------------------------------------------------.
2 – Karen is making a cake.
------------------------------------------------------------.
3 – The cat is running around the table.
------------------------------------------------------------.
    

INTERMEDIATE

Put the sentences from exercise I into the interrogative form.

1 – ------------------------------------------------------.

2 – ------------------------------------------------------.
3 – ------------------------------------------------------. 


ADVANCED

Supply the Present Continuous Tense of the verbs in parentheses.


1-	The children------------------------(swim) in the lake.
2-	I----------------------------(cut) apples to make a pie.
3-	He --------------------------------(take) a walk.




PESSOAS – VOCE SE LEMBRANDO  DA FORMA EXPLICADA COM A TERMINAÇÃO DAS  PALAVRAS  -ENDO  /  -ANDO TANTO PARA OS VERBOS COMO PARA GERUNDIO  É HORA DE RELEMBRAR NESTE  EXERCICIO. Verb To be + -ing (obs. Tempo verbal) e o caso do vergo + -ing . Há lembre-se vogal consoante e vogal  não dobra .

LESSON FOURTEEN


CONTINUOUS TENSE – II   
          ►  O  passado continuo é usado para expressar:
   a)    Ações que estavamm acontecendo   num determinado momento do passado.
   Ex.:   They were studying five minutes ago
          I was working yesterday morning. 
   b)    Ações que estavam acontecendo   quando uma outra ação ocorreu.
   Ex.:   They were studying when I arrived.
           I was working when you called.
   c)   Duas ações que estavam acontecendo no mesmo momento.
   Ex.:  They were studing while I was working. 
    
    
     
 
    
  Você necessita fazer exercícios dos cursos livre da internet para complemento das fases Elementary, Intermediate e Advanced with possessive adjectives and pronouns para seu próprio entendimento por exemplo:
   
   
  ELEMENTARY
   
  Supply the Past Continuous Tense of the verbs in parentheses.
   
  1 – They --------------------(travel)  to Japan when the accident happened.
  2 – When you arrived, I  ---------------------(take) a bath.
          3 – The sun---------------------------(shine) when I got up this   morning.
     
         
    
   INTERMEDIATE
    
   Insert the verbs in parentheses in the correct place.
    
   1 – He   --------------------a walk when he ----------- you. (was taking/saw)
   2 – When she ------------, I -----------------------   lunch. (was having/arrived)
   3 – The accident----------, when   they------------home.  (were  driving / happened)  
    
   ADVENCED
    
   Supply the Simple  Past or    the Past Continuous Tense.
    
    
   1-    The bird ----------------------(try) to fly when the   cat caught it.
   2-    I-----------------------------------(eat) piece of   cake when mother----------------------(not look).
   3-    When she called us we -------------------(correct)   our exercises.

LESSON ELEVEN


PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE - I


►  Como se forma: presente do verbo to be +o particípio presente do verbo principal (verbo+ - ing).

I am studying

You are studying

She is studying

We are studying

You are studying

They are studying


►   O pressente contínuo é usado para expressar ações que estão acontecendo. È geralmente empregado com advérbios de tempo : now, at this moment, etc.


   
►O present contínuo pode expressar também ações futuras.

    Ex.:  I am working next Saturday.

              She is leaving tomorrow.





Você necessita fazer exercícios dos cursos livre da internet para complemento das fases Elementary, Intermediate e Advanced with possessive adjectives and pronouns para seu próprio entendimento por exemplo:




ELEMENTARY


Supply the Present Continuous Tense of the verbs in parentheses.


1 – My sister and I …………..(do) our homework now.

2 – My neighbors……………(travel) around the world.

3 – The cat…………..  (sleep) in the garden.

     


INTERMEDIATE


Insert the verbs below in the correct places.

are studying                      am reading                    is ringing       


1 – We --------------------------hard because we have a test tomorrow.


2 –  I  ------------------------a book on ancient Greece.


3 – Listen,  the telephone --------------------------------.



ADVANCED


Supply the correct form of the Present Continuous Tense of the following verbs.


Teach                       play                         clean


1-    Jene ------------------Portuguese in my school next year.

2-    Where--------------the boys-----------football?

3-    Jill ----------------------the bathroom. She is leaning her bedroom.

LESSON FIFTEEN


GOING TO (PRESENT)
          ►  Como se   form: presente do verbo to be + going + infinitivo do verbo principal.
    
   I am   going to study
   You   are going to study
   He is   going to study
   She is   going to study
   We are   going to study
   You   are going to study
   They are   going to study
    
   ► Afirmativa:         She is going to study.
         Negativa:         She is not   (isn’t) going to study.
         Interrogativa:  Is she   going  to study?  
   ► Going to (Present) é usado para expresser:
   a)   Ações que vão ocorrer no future próximo;
   b)   Planos ou intenções;
   c)   Probabilidade.
    
     
 
    
Você necessita fazer exercícios dos cursos livre da internet para complemento das fases Elementary, Intermediate e Advanced with possessive adjectives and pronouns para seu próprio entendimento por exemplo:
  ELEMENTARY
  Choose the correct alternative.
  1 – Donald (is going, is going to) meet me at 3 o’clock.
  2 – What (is, are) you going to do  tomorrow?
          3 – My sister is going (to drive, to driving ) her new car..
     
         
    
   INTERMEDIATE
    
   Put  the verbs   is parentheses into the Going to (Present) form.
    
   1 – Henry   --------------------(work) tomorrow morning.
   2 – ------------, Jene  ----------------------- (play)  volleyball with us?
   3 – What -------------you------------(have) for   dessert?  
    
   ADVENCED
    
   Write sentences. Follow the   example.
   Exemple:  George – suit tomorrow night.
                     George is going to wear his   new suit tomorrow night.
   1-    My brother – buy – bicycle - next Saturday.
   ------------------------------------------------------------.
   2-    Those gentlemen – eat – desert – outside.
   ------------------------------------------------------------.
   3-    Jenet  - bring   – baby – tonight?
   -----------------------------------------------------------.

LESSON THIRTEEN


 
PAST  CONTINUOUS TENSE – I

    ►  Como se    forma: passado do verbo to be + o particípio presente do verbo  principal   (verbo+ -ing).
I was    studying
You   were studying
He  was   studying
She   was studying
We    were studying 
You   were studying 
They    were studying

►   Afirmativa:    They were studying.
         Negativa:  They were not   studying.
        Interrogativa:  Were they studying?

►    Formas    abreviadas:  wasn’t (was not), weren’t   (were not). 
   They   weren’t studying    
 
  
Você necessita fazer exercícios dos cursos livre da  internet para complemento das fases Elementary, Intermediate e Advanced  with possessive adjectives and pronouns para seu próprio entendimento  por exemplo:
 

ELEMENTARY

Put the sentences into the  negative and interrogative form.

1 – She was walking to school.
--------------------------------------------------------.
2 –  They were playing  chess.
--------------------------------------------------------.
3 –  The cat is was sleeping under the bed.
-------------------------------------------------------.
    
Put  the here sentences   interrogative for.

1 –    --------------------------------------------------.
   
    
2 –    -------------------------------------------------.
3 –     -------------------------------------------------.


INTERMEDIATE

Supply the Past Continuous   Tense  of the verbs in parentheses.


1-    The  children--------------------------------------(cry)   5 minutes ago.
2-    I-----------------------------------(study)  geography.
3-    Jane  --------------------------------(prepare)   dinner.

LESSON SIXTEEN


GOING TO (PAST)
        ►  Como se   form: passado do verbo to be + going + infinitivo do verbo principal.
    
   I was   going to study
   You were   going to study
   He was   going to study
   She was   going to study
   We were   going to study
   You were   going to study
   They were   going to study
    
   ► Afirmativa:         They were going to study.
         Negativa:         They  were not (weren’t) going to study.
         Interrogativa:  were they   going  to study?  
    
   ► Going to (Past) é usado para expresser uma ação   planejada no passado mas que não aconteceu:
   Ex.: I   was going to study, but I was too tired. 
    
     
 
    
  Você necessita fazer exercícios dos cursos livre da internet para complemento das fases Elementary, Intermediate e Advanced with possessive adjectives and pronouns para seu próprio entendimento por exemplo:
   
   
  ELEMENTARY
   
  Choose the correct alternative.
   
  1 – Doris and  Bob (was, were) going to travel.
          2 – We (were going, was going) to clean the garage.
   3 – Where (was he, he was) going to buy those books?
     
         
    
   INTERMEDIATE
    
   Put  the verbs   is parentheses into the Going to (Past) form.
    
   1 – Tom   --------------------(study) yesterday, but he couldn’t .
   2 – ------------, you  ----------------------- (work)  last night?
   3 – What -------------you------------(tell) m this   morning?  
    
   ADVENCED
    
   Answer the questions. Use   the words in parentheses.
    
   1-    What was he going to do ? (work).
   ------------------------------------------------------------.
   2-    What were you going to buy? (fruit).
   ------------------------------------------------------------.
   3-    What was she going to give you? (a present)
   -----------------------------------------------------------.

LESSON SEVENTEEN


 
  SIMPLE FUTURE TENSE
   
          ►  Como se   form: will + verbo principal.
    
   I will   study
   You will   study
   He will   study
   She will   study
   We will   study
   You will   study
   They will   study
    
   ► Afirmativa:         They will (They’ll)  study.
         Negativa:         They  will  not (won’t) study.
         Interrogativa:   Will they    study?  
    
   ► Formas abreviadas: ‘ll (will); won’t ( will not).
    
   ►O future simples é usado para expressar uma ação   futura.
       Ex.: They   will arrive tomorrow.
    
     
 
    
  Você necessita fazer exercícios dos cursos livre da internet para complemento das fases Elementary, Intermediate e Advanced with possessive adjectives and pronouns para seu próprio entendimento por exemplo:
   
   
  ELEMENTARY
   
  Change sentences 1 to 3 to the negative  and  4 a 6 to the interrogative form.
   
          1-    We will see you in the morning.
   ------------------------------------------------------------.
   2-    You will learn mathermatics.
   ------------------------------------------------------------.
   3-    Sally  will   make a cake.
    ----------------------------------------------------------.
   4-    They will help us tomorrow.
   ------------------------------------------------------------.
   5-    He will invite you.
   ------------------------------------------------------------.
   6-    She will work hard.
   -----------------------------------------------------------.
    
   INTERMEDIATE
    
   Supplay the Future Tense.
    
   1 – I   --------------------(arrive) at 10 o’clock .
   2 – ------------, it  ----------------------- (cost)  much money?
   3 – We -------------(be) ready in ten minutes. 
    
   ADVENCED
    
   Answer the questions. Use   the words in parentheses.
    
   7-    Where will they work?  (at home)
   ------------------------------------------------------------.
   8-    What  will  she   do? (work)
   ------------------------------------------------------------.
   9-    How will tom travel? (by plane)
   -----------------------------------------------------------.

LESSON EITHTEEN

IMPERATIVE ► Como se forma: verbo no infinitive sem to. Ex.: Come! Go! Speak! Help! ► Afirmativa: Go home! Negativa: Don’t go home! ► O imperative é usado para expresser uma ordem ou um pedido. Ex.: Clean your room! Please, help me! ►A forma imperativa let’s + verbo é usada para expressar uma proposta ou um convite. ►Afirmativa: Let’s visit Nancy. Negativa: Let’s not visit Nancy today. Você necessita fazer exercícios dos cursos livre da internet para complemento das fases Elementary, Intermediate e Advanced with possessive adjectives and pronouns para seu próprio entendimento por exemplo: ELEMENTARY I - Change these sentences form the affirmative to the negative form. 1- Go ouside. ------------------------------------------------------------. 2- Give this to him. ------------------------------------------------------------. 3- Put your books on the table. ----------------------------------------------------------. II – Change these sentences from the negative to the affirmative form. 1 – Don’t open the door. -------------------------------------------------------------. 2 – Let’s not visit her. -------------------------------------------------------------. 3 - Don’t help him. -----------------------------------------------------------. INTERMEDIATE Choose the correct alternative. 1 – Don’t (open, wait) the window. 2 – Let1s not (invite, buy) her 3 – (wait, Go) for me.

LESSON TWENTY





SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE – II


►  Para forma a 3ª pessoa do singular de alguns verbos acrescenta-se  -s 
Ex,:  walk  - walks

► Se o verbo terminar em –ss, -sh, -ch, -x, - ou – o, acrescenta-se –es.
Ex.:  Kiss – kisses        wash – washes         watch – watches 
         Fix – fixes           buzz – buzzes           GO  - goes

► Se o verbo terminar em  -y precedido de consoante, troca-se o –y por –i e acrescenta-se –es.
Ex.:              try  -   tries          hurry   -  hurries          study - studies




Você necessita fazer exercícios dos cursos livre da internet para complemento das fases Elementary, Intermediate e Advanced with possessive adjectives and pronouns para seu próprio entendimento por exemplo:



ELEMENTARY

Change the following sentences to 3rd person singular.


1 –  I hurry to the club every week.


2 – You often study hard.


3 – We watch TV  In the evening.

______________________________________________________________
      

INTERMEDIATE

Supply the Simple Present Tense.
1– Jane------------(try) to learn how to swim every day.

2 – She always ----------------(wait) for me  in front of school.

3 – They often-------------(dance) in the club on weekends.


ADVANCED 

Supply the Simple Present Tense or the Present Continuous Tense.

1 -  Linda………..(study) now.

2- They ………(live) in a big city.

3- I usually ………..(get) up early.

LESSON TWENTY ONE


SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE – III



►  Afirmativa: You study.                 He studies

      Negativa:     You do not study.     He does not study.

      Interrogativa:  Do you study?      Does He study?



► Foram abreviadas: don’t (do not) ,  doen’t (does not).



► Nas formas negativa e interrogativa, em que se usa o verbo auxiliar (do/does), o  verbo principal fica no infinitivo, sem to.



► Frases iniciadas por palavras interrogativas como what, when, where, how, why, etc. seguem as mesmas regras das frases interrogativas.







Você necessita fazer exercícios dos cursos livre da internet para complemento das fases Elementary, Intermediate e Advanced with possessive adjectives and pronouns para seu próprio entendimento por exemplo:







ELEMENTARY



I.                  Turn into the negative form.





1 –  We tell them about our plans.





2 – He eats lunch in the cafeteria.





3 – She lives in New York

______________________________________________________________

     


II – Turn the sentences from exercise I into the interrogative form.



1 - _____________________________________________________________________



2 - _____________________________________________________________________



3- ______________________________________________________________________





INTERMEDIATE



Supply do or does to complete the following questions.

1– Where ----------he live?



2 – What ------------they usually eat?



3 – How much ----------------this usually eat?





ADVANCED



Ask questions. Use the words in parentheses.



1 - They meet Paul in the park. (where).

______________________________________



2- You travel by car. (how)

______________________________________



3- It rains in the spring.(when) 

______________________________________

LESSON TWENTY TWO


QUANTITATIVES (MUCH – MANY)

►  Much (muito) e little (pouco) são usados com substantivos incontáveis (geralmente no singular).
Ex.: much love,  much milk ,  litttle coffee,  little time


► Many (muitos) e  few (poucos) são usados com substantivos contáveis (geralmente no plural).
Ex,:  many books,  many boys,  few pencils,  few girls 


OBSERVATION:

► Much e many, em frases afirmativas, podem ser substituídos por  a  lot of, plenty of,  a great deal of,  lots of.

► Less (menos) é usado com substantivos incontáveis.
Fewer (menos) é usado com substantivos contáveis.
Ex.: She hás less time to study than her brother.
        She hás fewer books than her  father. 



Você necessita fazer exercícios dos cursos livre da internet para complemento das fases Elementary, Intermediate e Advanced with possessive adjectives and pronouns para seu próprio entendimento por exemplo:



ELEMENTARY

I.	Supply much or many.

1 – There was   ________ work  yesterday.

2 -  There are_________ old beliefs among us today.

3 - ____________single girls were at the dance yesterday.

        
II – Supply few or little.

1 – We have _______ time to study.

2 -  _________ people agree with him.

3 – The baby drank ________  milk  yesterday.


III – Supply less or fewer.

1 – I have  ______ time to study than you.

2 – We invited _________ friends than Joyce.

3 – Charles had _____ money than John, so he bought _____ oranges.

3 – How much ----------------this usually eat?



ADVANCED 

Ask questions. Use the words in parentheses.

1 - They meet Paul in the park. (where).
______________________________________


2- You travel by car. (how)
______________________________________


3- It rains in the spring.(when)  
______________________________________

LESSON TWENTY THREE


LESSON  TWENTY  THREE







PREPOSITION  -  I 







      


      
TEMPO
      
LUGAR
  
      
In (em; dentro
      
Século  (in the 20^th   century)



      
Continente (in Africa)



  
      


      
Década (in the 60’s) 
      
País (in England)
  
      


      
ano (in 1996)
      
Estado (in Minis Gerais)
  
      


      
Estação do ano ( in summer)
      
Cidade ( in Curitiba)
  
      


      
Mês (in June)
      
Bairro (in Ipanema)
  
      


      
Períodos do dia, exceto night (in the morning) 
      
Rua (in the street)
  
      
On (sobre; em; em cima 
      
 Dia do mês (on May 2^nd)  
      
 Nome de rua (on Main Street)
  
      
de)
      
Dia da semana (on Monday)
      
Avenida (on 5^th Avenue)
  
      


      
Data específica (on Christmas Day)
      
Praça (on Times Square)
  
      
At

(em)
      
Hora (at 7 o’clock)
      
Rua com número (at 54 Main Street)
  
      


      
Data específica sem a palavra day (at Christimas)
      
Local específico (at school. At church, at home)
  






      





  
      
►among: entre   (vários)




► around: ao redor de, em volta de

►Behind: atrás de

►Between: entre (dois)




► in front of : na frente de

►out of : fora de

►to: para 

►under:    embaixo de
  







Você necessita fazer exercícios dos cursos livre da internet para complemento das fases Elementary, Intermediate e Advanced with possessive adjectives and pronouns para seu próprio entendimento por exemplo:

ELEMENTARY




I.                  Supply the appropriate prepositions.







1 – Walk three times   ________ the pool.

2 - Helen is_________ home.

3 – The books are ____________the floor___________ the chair.

4 – He is studying _____ Paris.

5 – Wait for me _________of the cinema.

6 – The girls are ________ the tree and the house.

LESSON TWENTY FOUR

SIMPLE PAST TENSE - I

Como se forma: de modo geral, acrescentar-se  –ed  ao infinitive dos verbos.  (see lesson 54)


I  walked
You  walked
He  walked 
She  walked
It  walked
We  walked
You  walked
They  walked

►O passado simples é usado para expressar ações acabadas em um tempo definido.
É geralmente empregado com advérbios de tempo: yesterday, ago, last... etc.  
 
   Ex.:  O walked to school  yesterday.

►Pessoas eu já havia esclarecido bem lá no inicio destas lições que as regras de português valem e são iguais  as gramáticas .... inclusive sobre os marcadores temporais baseado na régua.

► O passado simples pode expressar também hábitos passados.

      Ex.:  I always walked to school  when I was five years old. 



Você necessita fazer exercícios dos cursos livre da internet para complemento das fases Elementary, Intermediate e Advanced with possessive adjectives and pronouns para seu próprio entendimento por exemplo:

ELEMENTARY

I.	Choose the correct alternative.


1 – I (listened, listen) to the weather forecast 5 minutes ago.

2 – She (waters; watered) the flowers very early this morning.

3 – He (shout; watered) at me in the middle of the street.


INTERMEDIATE

Supply the Simple Past Tense of the verbs in parentheses.

1 – Glenda____________(talk)  to me and hour ago.

2 – We ____________(walk) to school yesterday.

3 – I ___________ (enter) this group in January.



ADVANCED

Supply the following verb forms.

Passed       cleaned        played        

1 – He always   __________ his examinations when he was young.

2 – I   ____________ my room before going to school.

3 – They ________the piano very well years ago.

LESSON TWENTY FIVE

SIMPLE PAST TENSE - II

► Em english há verbos regulares e irregulars.

►Para se formar o passado simples dos verbos regulares acrescenta-se  - d /   -ed  ao verbo.
Ex.:  Love   -  loved   change  - changed     talk  -  talked    play  - played

►Se o verbo terminar em  -y precedido de consoante, troca-se  o –y por – ied.
Ex.:   cary  - carried     study   - studied     hurry  - hurried

►Se o verbo terminar em sílaba forte formada por consoante / vogal / consoantes, dobra-se a última consoante e acrescenta-se  - ed.



Você necessita fazer exercícios dos cursos livre da internet para complemento das fases Elementary, Intermediate e Advanced with possessive adjectives and pronouns para seu próprio entendimento por exemplo:


ELEMENTARY

I.	Supply the Simple Paste Tense of the verbs in parentheses.


1 – I__________ (try) to talk to Helen last night.

2 – The fire __________ (occur) while we were out of the house.

3 – He ___________  (love) his old dog very much.


INTERMEDIATE

Supply the Simple Past Tense of the irregular verbs in parentheses.

1 – She____________(bring)  many friends to our party.

2 – I ____________(meet) her five minutes ago.

3 – I ___________ (leave) home very early yestaday.



ADVANCED

Supply the following verb forms.

Passed       cleaned        played       

1 – He always   __________ his examinations when he was young.

2 – I   ____________ my room before going to school.

3 – They ________the piano very well years ago.

LESSON TWENTY SIX

SIMPLE PAST TENSE - III

► Afirmativa: He studied.
  Negativa: He did not study.
   He did not speak.

  Interrogativa:  Did he study?  
 Did he speak?


►Forma abreviada: didn’t (did not).


►Nas formas negativa e interrogativa, em que se usa o verbo auxiliar (did), o verbo principal fica no infinitivo, sem to.





Você necessita fazer exercícios dos cursos livre da internet para complemento das fases Elementary, Intermediate e Advanced with possessive adjectives and pronouns para seu próprio entendimento por exemplo:




ELEMENTARY


Put the sentences into the interrogative form.



1 – They worked together for many years.


2 – I studied English yesterday.


3 – She went to school  by car. 



II – Put the sentences above into the negative form.


______________________________________________.

______________________________________________.

______________________________________________.



INTERMEDIATE


Choose the correct alternative.


1 – Where did he (go, went)?


2 – When did they (came, come) from work?


3 – What time did you (arrived, arrive) last night?



ADVANCED


Ask questions. Use the words in parentheses.


1 – He went to the movies. (Where)


2 – She taught French last year. (When)


3 – We traveled by plane. (How)

LESSON THIRTY SERVEN

ADJECTIVES  /  ADVERBS - I

► Os adjetivos modificam substantivos:

Ex.: a good friend                        a pretty girl

► Os advérbios modificam verbos, adjetivos ou outros advérbios.

Ex.:  She walks slowby.

         They are very stupid.

          You drive tôo fast.

► Muitos advérbios são formados acrescentando-se  -ly ao adjetivo ou um prefixo ou sufixo ao substantivo.

Ex.:    sincere   -  sincerely      board  -  aboard     week   -  weekly




►Algumas palavras como hand,  fast,  late,  early,  far  e much podem ser adjetivose  e  advébios.

Ex.:     This is a fast car.




         ►Alguns advérbios apresentam  duas formas com significados diferentes:

                Late – lately          near  - rearly          hard    -  hardly





   
                Ex.:     Jack   lives near the school. (perto)

                            We nearly had an accident yesterday.   (quase)
  

Você necessita   fazer exercícios dos cursos livre da internet para complemento das fases   Elementary, Intermediate e Advanced with possessive adjectives and pronouns   para seu próprio entendimento por exemplo:


ELEMENTARY

Choose the correct alternative.




1 – Jeff  is  an (intelligent, intelligently) student.




2 – He lives (near, nearly) the school.




3 – Can you speak more (clear, clearly), please?

INTERMEDIATE


I - complete the sentences with the following words:

               silently  -    kind  -   curious   -  normally


1 – The accident happened because he was driving too………….. .

2 –Why don’t you ask that …………man?

3 –He opened the door so ………. That nobody noticed it.

II – Complete the sentences with the following words:
              near   -  hardly -   nearby  -  nearly     -   hard




1 – Mark fell from the bicycle and ……….. broke his arm.




2 – Our last exam was very…………. .




3 – Louise had to go to a ……………store to buy sugar.



ADVANCED




I – Rewrite the sentences in the correct order.




1-     Girl   -   a   -  Martha  - is  - smart

______________________________________.




2-    Letter    -   kindly   -   he  -  answered   -   my.

______________________________________.




3-    We   -  supermarket  - buy – never  - that  -  vegetables - at.

______________________________________.

LESSON NINETEEN

 
  SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE - I
   
          ►  Como se   forma: verbo no infinitive sem to. Na 3ª pessoa do singular recebe –s ou  - es.
    
   I walk
   You   walk
   He   walks
   She   walks
   It   walks
   We   walk
   You   walk
   They   walk
    
    
   ► O  presente   simples é usado para expresser ações habituais. È geralmente empegado com   advérbios de tempo: always, often,   usually, frequently , sometimes, never, every day, on Mondays, etc 
   Ex.:  I   usually walk to school.
           He   works walk to school.
    
    
   ►O   presente simples pode expresser também verdades universais e ações futuras   planejadas.
    
   Ex.:   Birds fly.
           The train leaves in five minutes.
    
     
 
    
  Você necessita fazer exercícios dos cursos livre da internet para complemento das fases Elementary, Intermediate e Advanced with possessive adjectives and pronouns para seu próprio entendimento por exemplo:
   
   
  ELEMENTARY
   
  Supply the  Simple Present Tense.
   
          1 –   Dogs------------------------(bark).
   2 – I usually   ------------(walk) to school.
   3 – He   ----------------(work) near his house.
    
   INTERMEDIATE
    
   Choose the correct    alternative.
    
   1 – I (work, works) downtown.
   2 – She usually ( talk, talks) to him.
   3 – John (love, loves) you. 
    
    
   ADVANCED
    
   Supply   the following verb forms.
    
       
                 eats   -      have  -  visits
         
   
    
    
   1 –   Little Peter ----------------- fruit every morning.
   2   -  we ---------------------------   breakfast at 7 o’clock.
   3 –   She  ------------------- her parents   every Sunday.

LESSON TWENTY EIGHT

LESSON TWENTY EIGHT


► Presente 
                                     

I          have

You     have

He       has

She     has

It         has

We      have

You     have

They   have 

						
►  Passado 


I      had 

You    had

He     had

She    had

It     had

We     had

You    had

They   had



► To  have  pode ser usado como verbo comum.

►  Afirmativa:   You have a car.

Interrogativa:   Do you  have  a  car?

Negativa:        You  don’t  have  a car.

► To have também pode ser usado como verbo auxiliar na formação de tempos perfeitos (presente perfeito, passado perfeito, etc.).

Ex.:  I  have  seen Mary.

      He hás  worked very much.


► Particularidade

     Como verbo comum, have  pode dispensar o auxiliar ( do, does,     did)  nas formas interrogativa e negativa.
Ex.:  Have  you  a  car?

      You  haven’t  a  car.

     
   
Você necessita fazer exercícios dos cursos livre da internet para complemento das fases Elementary, Intermediate e Advanced with possessive adjectives and pronouns para seu próprio entendimento por exemplo:


ELEMENTARY


Choose the correct alternative.


1 – We (have, has) many things in common.


2 – They (have, didn’t have) a good time yesterday.


3 – She (hasn’t, doesn’t) any money. 





INTERMEDIATE


Choose the following sentences from past to present.

1 – She had a sister and a brother.

2 – Mary and Tom had an old car.

3 – The room had two doors.



ADVANCED


Put the following sentences into the affirmative form.

1 – He didn’t have a car.

2 – Does Dr.  Adams have  many patients?

3 – I don’t have blue eyes.

LESSON TWENTY NINE

FUTURE CONTINUOUS TENSE

► Como se forma: future do verbo to be (will be) + o verbo principal no pariticipio presente (verbo + -ing).                                  

I          will be working

You     will be working

He       will be working

She     will be working

It         will be working

We      will be working

You     will be working

They   will be working

						

►  Afirmativa:       I will be working.

      Interrogativa:   Will I be working?

      Negativa:           I Will not be working.

► Forma abreviada: won’t (Will not).

► O futuro contínuo é usado para expressar ações que estarão acontecendo em algum tempo no futuro.

Ex.:   I Will be working when you arrive.

Você necessita fazer exercícios dos cursos livre da internet para complemento das fases Elementary, Intermediate e Advanced with possessive adjectives and pronouns para seu próprio entendimento por exemplo:


ELEMENTARY


Put sentences 1 to 3 into the negative and 4 to 6 into the interrogative form .

1 – I will be studying at 5 o’clock.

__________________________________

2 – You will be lining in Japan next year.

_______________________________


3 – We will be living in Japan next year. 

_______________________________

4 -  I will be moving to L.A. by May.

______________________________


5 – They will be leaving when you arrive.

_______________________________

6 – She will be arriving by 4 o’clock


INTERMEDIATE


Put the following sentences into the Future Continuous Tense.



1 – We will have dinner at 8 o’clock.

_____________________________



2 – He will wait for you on the corner.

________________________________


3 – Tom and I will talk to you in an hour.

_______________________________



ADVANCED


Supply the future Continuous form of the verbs in parentheses.



1 – Tomorrow at this time I ------------------------(fly) to Italy.


2 – When you arrive, she-----------------(cook) lunch.


3 – When we get there, they--------------(prepare) our sandwiches.

LESSON THIRTY


INDEFINITES (SOME/ ANY/ NO)

► Usa-se some (algum, alguns, algumas, algumas) em frase afirmativas.

► Usa-se no (nenhum, nenhuma) em frases negativas.

► Usa-se any (algum, alguns, algumas, algumas, nenhum, nenhuma) em frases negativas e interrogativas.

Ex.: There are some books here.

There are no books here.

There aren’t anu books here.

Are there any books here?


________________________________________________________

► Some é usado em frases interrogativas apenas em caso de oferecimento ou quando se espera uma resposta afirmativa.

Ex.: Would you like some coffee?

Have you lost some Money?

►any é usado em frases afirmativas quando:

a) Aparecer após a palavra IF.

If you fave any questions , ask me.

b) Significar qualquer.
Take any book you need.

c) houver palavra de sentido negativo na frase, como seldom, never, rarely, without, etc.

He left without any money.



Você necessita fazer exercícios dos cursos livre da internet para complemento das fases Elementary, Intermediate e Advanced with possessive adjectives and pronouns para seu próprio entendimento por exemplo:



ELEMENTARY


I – Supply some or any.

1 – Give me ________ coffee.

2 – There aren’t _______good books here.

3 – I brought you _________aspirins.

II - Supplay any or no.

1 – We have________money to buy a car.

2 – We haven’t ______money to go to the movies.

3 - There are _________ boys in the garden.

INTERMEDIATE


Choose the correct alternative.


1 – He seldom has (no, any) money.

2 – Would you like (some, no) tea?

3 – They never bring (no, any) food home.

LESSON THIRTY ONE


COMPOUNDS OF SOME/ ANY/ NO



► Os compostos de some, any e no seguem as mesmas regras de uso destes.



► Compostos de some: somebody, someone, something, somewhere.



► Compostos de no: nobody, no one, nothing, nowhere.



► Compostos de any: anybody, anyone, anything, anywhere.

Ex.: There is somebody in that room.

There is nobody in that room.

There isn’t anybody in that room.

Is there anybody in that room?







Você necessita fazer exercícios dos cursos livre da internet para complemento das fases Elementary, Intermediate e Advanced with possessive adjectives and pronouns para seu próprio entendimento por exemplo:







INTERMEDIATE



Change the following sentences from affirmative to negative. (Use a compound of no from 1 to 3 and a compound of any from 4 to 6.)



1 – I have something to tell you.

______________________________



2 – There is somebody sleeping.

______________________________



3 – The children are somewhere in the house.

_____________________________



4 – I loste my watch somewhere in the garden.

_____________________________





5 – He told us something about his life.

_________________________



6 – Karen went somewhere near the lake.

_________________________





ADVAMCED



Supply some, any, no or compounds.



1 – I haven’t _________time to help you.



2 – That poor boy has__________ to wear.



3 – he can’t see_________ without his glasses.

LESSON THIRTY TWO


REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS - I



Personal Pronouns

I

You

He

She

It

We

You

They



Reflexive Pronouns

Myself

Yourself

Himself

Herself

Itself]ourselves

Yourselves

Themselves



► O pronome reflexivo pode ter função reflexiva, indicando que a ação do verbo recai sobre o próprio sujeito. Nesse caso o pronome vem após o verbo e concorda com o sujeito.

Ex.: He hurt himself in the game.



► Quando o sujeito for um pronome indefinido (some, any, no ou seus compostos), a concordâncias é feita com a 3ª pessoa do singular. Sempre no masculino.

Ex.: Nobody hurt himself.







Você necessita fazer exercícios dos cursos livre da internet para complemento das fases Elementary, Intermediate e Advanced with possessive adjectives and pronouns para seu próprio entendimento por exemplo:











ELEMENTARY



Supply the correct reflexive pronouns.



1 – James drinks too much. He is destroying ______________.



2 – We wash ____________ in the morning.



3 - The boy hurt ____________ when he fell from a tree.





INTERMEDIATE



Supply the correct reflexive pronouns.



1 – you must all behave_____________ at the table.



2 – I was thinking to ____________ when Ingrid entered the room.



3 – Has anybody here hurt_____________from the game?

LESSON THIRTY THREE

pre>


REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS - II

►Os pronomes reflexivos podem ter função idiomática. Nesse caso o pronome vem precedido de by e significa “sozinho”, “sem ajuda”.

Ex.: I live by myself.


► Os pronomes reflexivos também podem ter função enfática. Nesse caso eles concordam com a pessoa ou coisa que se quer enfatizar.

Ex.: She talked to the President. (frase sem nenhuma ênfase)

She herself talked to the President. ( ênfase no sujeito)

She talked to the Presient herself. (ênfase no sujeito)

She talked to the President himself. (ênfase no objeto)

Você necessita fazer exercícios dos cursos livre da internet para complemento das fases Elementary, Intermediate e Advanced with possessive adjectives and pronouns para seu próprio entendimento por exemplo:


ELEMENTARY

Substitute the word alone. Use reflexive pronouns idiomatically.

1 – The princess lives in the castle alone.

_________________________



2 – I want to do that work alone.

_________________________



3 - Nobody will help you. Do it alone.

_________________________


INTERMEDIATE



Supply the correct reflexive pronouns. Use them emphatically.



1 – Mr. Gordon_____________ prepared the examination.



2 – The children ____________ built the doghouse.



3 – I painted the room_____________.





ADVANCED



Supply the correct reflexive pronouns.



1 – He ____________prefers to cook lunch.



2- The boys cut __________ in the garden.



3 – I hurt___________ during the game.

LESSON THIRTY FOUR


DEFINITE ARTICLE: THE – I

► The : o, a, os, as
			

►  O artigo definido é usado:

a)Antes de substantivos precedidos ou não por adjetivos.

Ex.: the boy the sad boy

b) antes de nomes de instrumentos musicais e de nomes de família.

Ex.: the violin the Kennedys

c) antes de nomes de oceanos, mares, rios, montanhas (plural), ilhas (plural), países (plural), hotéis cinemas, teatros, trens e navios.

Ex.: the Pacific                 the United  Stares     the Himalayas

       the Caribbean          the Hilton Hotel         the Bahamas

       the Amazon River    the Roxy                     the Titanic 

d) antes de um representante de uma classe ou espécie.

Ex.: the rich           the    poor       the dead.

e) antes de um substantive únicona espécie,  ou quando particularizado.




Você necessita fazer exercícios dos cursos livre da internet para complemento das fases Elementary, Intermediate e Advanced with possessive adjectives and pronouns para seu próprio entendimento por exemplo:




INTERMEDIATE


Supply a, an or the.


1 – ………Browns  like to play …………guitar.


2 – There was…………boy near…………corner.


3 – ……….Andes are………….highest mountains in South America.


ADVANCED


I – Supply a , an or the.


1-	I bought ……… book ……………book cost 10 dollars.


2-	We had……….very good time at………picnic.


3-	I found……. Dog in …….street and took ……… dog home.


II -  Supply a, an or the where necessary.


1 - ………Krakatoa, which east………. Island in ……… Indonesia,  exploded.

2-……….sun rises in……….east and sets in………..west.


3- Before…………war, I worked for……….insurance company.

LESSON THIRTY FIVE


DEFINITE ARTICLE: THE – II

► O artigo definido é omitido:

a)	Antes de nomes próprios e de nomes de ciências e línguas.

         Ex.:    Mary     Bob       mathematics          Spanich
b)	Antes de substantivos usados no sentido geral e de substantivos incontáveis.

Ex.:   honesty      gold      money       man       coffee       wood.

c)	Antes de possessivos.

Ex.: our car        his house       their children
d)	Antes de alguns substantivos como home, church, school, hospital, bed, prison, quando usados para  o seu propósito original.

Ex.:  I went to church (to pray).

     I went to school (to study).

     I went to hospital 9because I was sick).



			
►  O artigo definido é usado:

a)Antes de substantivos precedidos ou não por adjetivos.
Ex.: the boy the sad boy

b) antes de nomes de instrumentos musicais e de nomes de família.

Ex.: the violin the Kennedys

c) antes de nomes de oceanos, mares, rios, montanhas (plural), ilhas (plural), países (plural), hotéis cinemas, teatros, trens e navios.


Ex.: the Pacific   the United  Stares     the Himalayas
the Caribbean      the Hilton Hotel       the Bahamas
the Amazon River   the Roxy               the Titanic  

d) antes de um representante de uma classe ou espécie.
Ex.:  the rich           the    poor       the dead

e) antes de um substantive únicona espécie,  ou quando particularizado.

Ex.:    I went to church (to pray).

       I went to school (to study).

       I went to hospital (because I was sick).


  
Você necessita fazer exercícios dos cursos livre da internet para complemento das fases Elementary, Intermediate e Advanced with possessive adjectives and pronouns para seu próprio entendimento por exemplo:



INTERMEDIATE

Supply a, an or the where necessary.

1 – ………moon was shining beautifully in …………sky.

2 –…………silver is used to make…………watches.

3 – ……….honesty of that woman is surprising.

ADVANCED

I – Supply the where necessary.

1-	……… boys are usually stronger than ……………girls.

2-	……….accident happened when we were entering……restaurant.

3-	They like……. cheese …….milk, and ……… Switzerland.

II -  Supply a, an or the where necessary.

1 - ………lead in heavy.

2-……….James Watt reinvented……….steam engine in 1760.

3- …………gold and……….silver are scaree.

LESSON THIRTY SIX



LESSON THIRTY SIX




PREPOSITION - II




► ABOUT:  aproximadamente; sobre

► ABOVE:  acima

► AFTER: após

►AGAINST: contra

►BEFORE:  antes; diante de

► FOR:  por, para

► FROM: por, para

►INTO:  em ; para dentro

►OF: de (indicando posse)

   
►THROUGH: através
  
   


  
   
For this preposition have verbs   followed by prepositions

      

Você necessita   fazer exercícios dos cursos livre da internet para complemento das fases   Elementary, Intermediate e Advanced with possessive adjectives and pronouns   para seu próprio entendimento por exemplo:



  
   


  
   


  


INTERMEDIATE




I complete the sentences with the following prepositions:

               Against  -     about  -   above   -  after







1 – It is difficult  to run………the wind.




2 –He talked…………his old friend.




3 –The bird flew ………. The old friend.




II – Complete the sentences with the following prepositions:

                   From   -  For  -   Before

1 – Turn right……….. you get to the post office.




2 – She baked a cake……….. her daughter.




3 – He is……………China.




III -  Complete the sentences with the following  prepositions:




                              Into   -    Of    -  Through




1 – He went……… The house, took his sunglasses, and went to the park.




2 – She cut the cake…………. four  pieces.




3 -  He is the only son …………. My friend;




ADVANCED




I – Supply the appropriate prepositions.




1-    Walk straight ahead; then take the first street……… the museum.




2-    The package……….Tom has just arrived.




3-    Our office is open…………..nine to one every day.

LESSON THIRTY EIGHT



LESSON THIRTY EIGHT




ADJECTIVES  /  ADVERBS - II




► Os adjetivos de tempo (now, today, yesterday,  etc.) e os de lugar (there, here, etc.) geralmente vêm no final d frase.

Ex.: She is studying  now.                    He lives there.




► Os advérbios de freqüência (always, seldom, rarely, already, often, never, etc.) são colocados antes do verbo principal, mas  sempre após o verbo auxiliar.

Ex.:  They always walk toschool.           He is often smiling.

         I don’t usually walk to school.      I have never seen her here.




► Quando há vários advérbios, eles são colocados no final da frase, na seguinte ordem: modo –lugar -  tempo (exceto com o verbo to GO: lugar – modo – tempo).

Ex.: He walked very slowly to school yesterday.

        They went to school happily this morning.







         ►Quando há vários advérbios de rempo ou de lugar, a unidade    menor vem primeiro.                

   
                Ex.:     He   gets up at seven forty-five in the morning.

                            I live in a small village in Arizona.



  
   
      

Você necessita   fazer exercícios dos cursos livre da internet para complemento das fases   Elementary, Intermediate e Advanced with possessive adjectives and pronouns   para seu próprio entendimento por exemplo:



  
   


  
   


  


ELEMENTARY




I – Complete the sentences with the following adverbs:

        

            Really    -      slowly  -    here   -    usually   -   ever




1 – Billy……………..writes cards to his parents on their birthdays.




2 – It’s hard to understand Mrs. Brown because she speaks very……. .




3 – Have you…………………..seen a ghost?




II – Complete the sentences with the following adverbs:




     Everywhere   -     seldom   -    just   -   yesterday  -   never




1 – Little children must………………… go out at night.




2 – It …………………..rains in a desert. Only about three times a year.




3 – Her car broke………………………… .




INTERMEDIATE




I – Put the adverbs in parentheses into the correct place.




1 – Harold went…..……     (by bus  / this morning  /  to school)

_________________________________________________




2 –Jane speaks…………      (very /  always   /fast)

_________________________________________________




3 –They want to go……    (to Rio / next week  / by car).

_________________________________________________




ADVANCED




I – Rewrite the sentences in the correct order.




1-     is   -  his   -  Willy  - doing  - already  -  homework.

______________________________________.




2-    Sundays    -  visit   -   on  -  Grandma   -   always   - we.

______________________________________.




3-    Susan   -  rarely  - noon  – I   - here  - see - at.

______________________________________.

LESSON THIRTY NINE

 
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LESSON THIRTY NINE




DEGREES OF COMPARISON - I




►Em inglês os adjetivos e os advérbios podem aparecer nos graus normal, comparativo e superlativo.




► Comparativo de igualdade: é formado com as ... as   (em freses afirmativas) e  not  so ....as ( em frases negativas).

Ex.: Shirley is as tall as Tom. ( affirmativa) .

         Shirley is not so tall as Bob. (negativa).




► Comparativo e superlativo de inferioridade:  são  formados com less... than e the least.

Ex.:  Shirley is less tall than Bob.

         Fred is the least tall in our class.




► Comparativo e superlativo de superioridde de adjetivos ou advérbios com mais de uma sílaba:  são formados com more...    than e the most.

Ex.: Helen is more intelligent than Bob.

        Sylvia is the most intelligent firl I know.







         ►Than  significa “do que” e aparece sempre nos comparativos de infeoridade e de superioridde.              





   
                Ex.:     He   reads more books than you.

                            My   book is less expensive than yours.

►The sempre aparece com superlativos   de inferioridade ou de superiodade.

 Ex.:    This is the least expensive pen you can buy.

          Mr. Taylor is the most intelligent   man I know.



  
   
      

Você necessita   fazer exercícios dos cursos livre da internet para complemento das fases   Elementary, Intermediate e Advanced with possessive adjectives and pronouns   para seu próprio entendimento por exemplo:



  
   


  
   


  

ELEMENTARY




I – Supply the comparative of equality of the adjectives or adverbs in parentheses.

1 – Peter is……………..(smart) his friend Bill.




2 – My car is not……. … (old) your truck.




3 – Lucy is…………………..(pretty) Jane.







INTERMEDIATE




I – Choose the correct alternative.




1 – My sister speaks English (less, the least) fluently than my brother.




2 –Can you write (so fast, as fast as) you can read?




3 – Who is (the most, the less) intelligent student in your class?







ADVANCED




I – Supply the correct comparative or superlative of the adjectives or adverbs I parentheses.




1-     Is Patrick……………….. (tall) as you?




2-    I think Kelly does not live…………………. (far) as Jane.




3-    This exercise is not………………. (easy) the previous one.
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LESSON FOURTY


DEGREES OF COMPARISON - II

►Comparativo e superlativo de superioridade de adjetivos e advérbios  com uma só sílaba: são formados com as terminações  -er e –est, respectivamente.

Ex.: tall  - taller  - the tallest       hot – hotter  - the hottest




► Comparação irregular

Ex.:  good – better  - the Best          much – more – the most

         bad  - worse   - the   worst       many – more – the most

         little  -  less  - the least             far  -  farther  - the farthest

                                                                      further – the furthest













       
► Plavras   terminadas em consoante / vogal/    consoante dobram a  última   consoante antes de receber –er ou –est.

     Ex.:    hot – hotter  - the hottest           birg  - bigger     - the biggest      

► Palavras   terminadas em –e recebem apenas –r e –st.

               Ex.:  large – larger  - the largest        wide – wider  - the widest




 ► Palavras terminadas em  - y precedido de consoante troam o  -    y  por – i ao receber  – er    e – est.

Ex.:    happy – happier – the happiest          ugly – uglier – the ugliest







Você necessita   fazer exercícios dos cursos livre da internet para complemento das fases   Elementary, Intermediate e Advanced with possessive adjectives and pronouns   para seu próprio entendimento por exemplo:



  
      


  
      


  

ELEMENTARY




Choose the correct alternative.




1 – The climate in Amazonas is (warmer, the warmest) than in São Paulo.




2 – Nancy in the ( happier,  happiest)  girl today. It’s her birthday.

3 – My brother is (tall than, taller) than the boys.

INTERMEDIATE




I – Supply the correct comparative or superlative of superiority of the  adjective in parentheses.




1 – This room is …………. (dark) than that room.




2 – Is this the……………..(wide) street in this city?




3 – Bob in feeling ……………….(good) now than he was yesterday.







ADVANCED




I – Supply the comparative  and superlative of superiority.




1-     Spring water is ……………….. (pure) tap water.




2-    Mark is…………………. (funny) his brother Jason.




3-    Betty bought………………. (lettle) food than she needed.

LESSON FOURTY ONE


DEGREES OF COMPARISON - III

EXCEÇÕES:


►As palavras Just, real, right e wrong formam o comparativo e o superlativo de superioridade com more e the most. Diferentemente das demais palavras de uma só sílaba.

Ex.: Just - more Just - the most Just.


► Palavras dissílabas terminadas em –ful, - ous, - re, - ing e – Ed formam o comparativo e o superlativo de superioridade com more e the most.

Ex.: hopeful - more hopeful - the most hopeful.

► Palavras dissílabas terminadas em – le , - ow, -er, e - y formam o comparativo e o superlativo de superioridade com – er e –est.
Ex.: narrow - narrowe - the narrowest. 


Construções especiais feitas com comparativos:

► He is getting fatter and fatter. ( cada vez mais gordo)

Gasoline is more and more expensive every year. (cada vez mais cara)


► The hotter, the better. (Quanto mais quente melhor)

The more I see you, the more I Love you. (Quanto mais eu te vejo, mais eu te amo.)



Você necessita fazer exercícios dos cursos livre da internet para complemento das fases Elementary, Intermediate e Advanced with possessive adjectives and pronouns para seu próprio entendimento por exemplo:




ELEMENTARY


Supply the comparative or superlative of superiority.


1 – Grace is…………………………..(wonderful) girl in my class.


2 – The table is ………………… (heavy) the chair.

3 – This is ………………….(hitter) drink I have ever tasted.
INTERMEDIATE


I – Complete the sentences. Use special comparative construstons.


1 – These exercises are getting …………. (difficult).


2 – The sooner you arrive……………..(good).


3 – The more he works. ……………….(rich) he gets.



ADVANCED


I – Supply the correct degree of comparison or comparative construction.


1-	 The less he tries, the ……………….. (little) he gets.


2-	The sick person is getting…………………. (bad).


3-	Have you heard………………. (late) news?

LESSON FOURTY TWO


PRESENT PERFECT TENSE – I 

Como se forma: presente do verbo to have + pariticípio passado do verbo principal.

I have studied

You have studied 

He has studied 

She has studied

We have studied

You have studied

They have studied


► Afirmativa:  
     They have  studied.

  Negativa: 
        They  have not  studied.

  Interrogativa:
    Have they studied?


► Formas abreviadas: haven’t (have not), hasn’t (hás not. 



► O particípio passado dos verbos regulares é igual ao passado simples.

      Ex.:   studied 
        played


►O particípio passado dos verbos irregulares não segue regras. (ver a lista de verbos irregulares no final do livro.)


     
Você necessita fazer exercícios dos cursos livre da internet para complemento das fases Elementary, Intermediate e Advanced with possessive adjectives and pronouns para seu próprio entendimento por exemplo:




ELEMENTARY


I – Turn into the negative form.


1.	I have worked hard.

 ___________________________________________

2 – You have talked a lot.

___________________________________________

3 – She has washed the dishes.

___________________________________________

II – Turn into the interrogative form.


1 – They have built many buildings.


___________________________________________

2 – I have told him the truth.

___________________________________________

3 -  She has bought our  friends.

__________________________________________


INTERMEDIATE


I – Supply the Present Perfect Tense of the verbs in parentheses.


1 – That man …………………… (build) another house.


2 – We…………….. (go) to the country by car.


3 – She. ……………….(cook)  much money.

LESSON FOURTY THREE


PRESENT PERFECT TENSE – II 


O presente perfeito é usado para expressar:


► ações que começaram no passado e continuam até o presente.

 Ex.:  I have lived here since 1990.

► ações que aconteceram num tempo indefinido no passado. (se for mencionado ou sugerido o tempo exato em que a ação ocorreu, usa-se o passado simples.) 

Ex.:   I have studied English. (tempo indefinido)

       I studied English yesterday. (tempo exato)

► ações que aconteceram várias vezes no passado.

Ex.:  We have seen that film many times.


Você necessita   fazer exercícios dos cursos livre da internet para complemento das fases   Elementary, Intermediate e Advanced with possessive adjectives and pronouns   para seu próprio entendimento por exemplo:


ELEMENTARY

Choose the correct alternative.

1 – Paul (wrote - has written) his name in my book.

2 – I (visited - have visited) Miami many times.

3 – He (went – has gone) to Miami last week.

INTERMEDIATE

I – Supply the simple past or the Present Perfect Tense.


1 – I …………………… (finish) my homework.


2 – John…………….. (lose) his car keys .


3 – We. ……………….(do)  this exercise before.


ADVANCED


I – Supply the correct answer. Use the following verb forms.


 has  slept      has eaten      arrived           have heard     apoke

 drove            won              have drunk     have seen      has sung


1-     The less he tries, the ……………….. (little) he gets.


2-    The sick person is getting…………………. (bad).


3-    Have you heard………………. (late) news?


II - Supply the Simple Past, the Simple or the Present Perfect Tense.

1 – He always ……….(give) me beautiful presents.


2 – John……………..(come) to the party alone last night.


3 -  He……….. (keep) her photo I his drawer.

LESSON FOURTY FOUR


PRESENT PERFECT TENSE – III 

O presente perfeito é também usado com as seguintes palavras:


► since (desde):          I have studied english since April.

► for (durante):         I have studied english for two years.

► Just (acabar de):   They have Just arrived from London.

►already (já):            They have already arrived.

                                      Have they already arrived?

► yet (já, ainda):        They haven’t arrived  yet.

                                      Have they arrived yet?   




       
     

Você necessita   fazer exercícios dos cursos livre da internet para complemento das fases   Elementary, Intermediate e Advanced with possessive adjectives and pronouns   para seu próprio entendimento, por exemplo:


ELEMENTARY


I Supply since or for.

1 – We have lived there………………… two years.

2 – We have lived there……………….. last year.

3 – The bell has rung…………………. Half an hour.

II – Supply yet or already.

1 – I’ve………………….done my exercises.




2 – She hasn’t answered the question………….. .




3 – They’ve……………….. talked to me.


INTERMEDIATE

I – Supply the Present Perfect Tense of the verbs in parentheses.




1 – Karl ………………just…………… (arrive).

2 – I…………….. (wait) for you for two hours .

3 – He. ……………….(attract)  me since I was a girl.


ADVANCED

I – Supply the correct verb tense.

1-    He…………………. (sit) on that sofa three hours ago.

2-    I………………. (read) that book there times.


3- The baby…….……….. (sleep) now.

LESSON FORTY FIVE


PRESENT   PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE

Como se forma: presente perfeito do verbo to be + particípio presente do verbo principal ( forma –ing).


I have been studying 

You have been studying

He has been studying

She has been studying

We have been studying

You have been studying

They have been studying


► Afirmativa: They have been Studying.

  Negativa: They have not been studying.

  Interrogative: Have they studying?
 
 	    
► O presente perfeito contínuo, assim como o presente perfeito, é usado para expressar.  Porém enfatiza a continuidade das ações.

  Ex.: I’m very tired because I’ve been working since eight in the morning.

     
Você necessita fazer exercícios dos cursos livre da internet para complemento das fases Elementary, Intermediate e Advanced with possessive adjectives and pronouns para seu próprio entendimento, por exemplo:




ELEMENTARY


I - Supply the Present Perfect Continuous Tense of the verbs in parentheses.


1 – She………………… (work) in the factory for many years.


2 – He ………………..  (travel) around the world.


3 – We…………………. (do) a lot of work lately.



INTERMEDIATE


I – Put the sentences into the Present Perfect Continuous Tense.


1 – Has she lived here for a long time?

________________________________ 


2 – They have cried for two hours .

_____________________________


3 – We haven’t studied French since February.

_______________________________________



ADVANCED


I – Supply the  Present Continuous  or the Present Perfect Continuous Tense of the verbs in parentheses.


1- It…………………. (rain) hard for two days.


2- I………………. (wait) for him since 4 o’clock.


3- Look! It…….……….. (rain) cars and dogs.

LESSON FORTY SIX


PAST PERFECT TENSE

Como se forma: passado do verbo to have+ particípio passado  principal .


I had studied

You had studied

He had studiedM

She had studied

We had studied

You had studied

They had studied



► Afirmativa: They had Studied.

  Negativa: They had not studied.

  Interrogative: Had they studied? 

 	    
► Formas abreviadas: hadn’t (had not).


►O passado perfeito é usado para expressar uma ação que aconteceu antes de outra ação no passado.

Ex.: When I arrived, the teacher had spoken for an hour.


►O passado perfeito  contínuo é formado pelo passado perfeito  do verbo to be + o particípio presente do verbo principal (forma –ing).

Ex.: When I arrived , the teacher had been speaking for an hour. 

     

Você necessita fazer exercícios dos cursos livre da internet para complemento das fases Elementary, Intermediate e Advanced with possessive adjectives and pronouns para seu próprio entendimento, por exemplo:





ELEMENTARY


I - Supply the Past Perfect Tense of the verbs in parentheses.


1 – I dressed after I ………………… (wash).


2 – They ………………..  (do) nothing before they met me.


3 – I thanked him for what he …………………. (do).



INTERMEDIATE


I – Supply the Past Perfect Tense of the verbs in parentheses.


1 – She lost the book he_________________(give) her.
 

2 – He____________(paint) the house after he had bought it.


3 – I________(write) two letters before the secretary entered the room.



ADVANCED


I – Supply the  Past Tense of the verbs in parentheses.


1- They………. (drink) two beers before they ………(start) dinner.


2- I…………. (sleep) for one hour when he……(knok) at the door.


3-   The girl…….……….. (ask) me what…………(happen).

LESSON FORTY SERVEN


RELATIVE PRONOUNS - I

►Os pronomes relativos introduzem orações subordinadas adjetivas (restritivas ou explicativas). Essas orações definem. Limitam ou acrescentam algo ao significado



► Who, whom e that (que, quem) são usados quando o antecedente for passoa.

Usa-se Who ou that quando o pronome é sujeito do verbo.
Ex.: The girl Who arrived is beautiful. (people)

     The girl that arrived is beautiful. (choose)

       
►Personas neste  exemplo não se esqueçam de que Who (é para pessoas) that (é para coisas) e quando for testes  (prova) de    conhecimento gramatical (Grammar Focus) não use that para ambos . 
 
 	    
► Usa-se Whowhom, that ou omite-se o pronome quando este é objeto do verbo.

Ex.:  The girl who I saw is beautiful.

The girl whom I saw is beautiful.

The girl that I saw is beautiful.

The girl I saw is beautiful.

►Quando a oração subordinada não for essencial para o significado do período:

a)Ela sempre vem entre vírgulas;

b)Não se pode usar that;

c)Não se pode omitir o pronome.

Ex.: Mr. Allen. Who/whom you saw yesterday, is aa American citizen.  
 
 
     

Você necessita fazer exercícios dos cursos livre da internet para complemento das fases Elementary, Intermediate e Advanced with possessive adjectives and pronouns para seu próprio entendimento, por exemplo:

I - Supply who and / or whom.

1 – The girl …………………read the pal of my hand was a gypsy.
 

2 – She is the person ……………he has invited.


3 – People ………………come from Europe are called European.



INTERMEDIATE


Choose the correct alternatives.


1 – The girl (who, whom, that, ---) is beside him is his daughter. 


2 – The man (who, whom, that, ----) you showed me is my teacher.


3 – Where is the person (who, whom, that, ---) I was talking to are actresses.


ADVANCED


I – Supply all possible relative pronouns.


1-    Mrs. Brown,……….I very old, is studying nuclear radiation.


2-    Greg, ………we have just met, is a very kind man.


3-   That man is the doctor……… you are going to work 
with.

LESSON FORTY EIGHT

RELATIVE PRONOUNS - II

►Usa-se which ou that  quando pronome é sujeito do verbo.

Ex.: the dog which entered the room is sick.

The dog that entered the room is sick.



► Use-se which, that ou omite-se o pronome quando este é objeto do verbo.

Ex.:  The dog which you saw is sick.

     The dog that you saw is sick.

     The dog you saw is sick.
	
     
►Quando a oração subordinada não é essencial para o significado do período: 

a)Ela sempre vem entre vírgulas;

b)Não se pode usar that;

c)Não se pode omitir o pronome.

Ex.:  Swimming, which I like very much, is a good sport.
 
   

Você necessita fazer exercícios dos cursos livre da internet para complemento das fases Elementary, Intermediate e Advanced with possessive adjectives and pronouns para seu próprio entendimento, por exemplo:





ELEMENTARY


I - Supply all possible relative pronouns.


1 – The book ………………you lent me is very interesting. 


2 – The chair ……………is broken is in that room.


3 – The dogs………………entered the room are mine.


INTERMEDIATE


Supply all possible relative pronouns.


1 – Smoking,……………is very popular, is a bad habit. 


2 – Sally’s mother, …………we have just met, likes you very much.


3 – Computers,……………..I have, may help us a lot.


ADVANCED


I – Combine the sentences. Supply a relative pronoun.


1-The car is in  your garage. The car is stolen.

  _____________________________________


2-The house is in your garden. The horse ate your lilies. 

  ______________________________________


3-The San Diego Zoo is in California. The books have disappeared.

__________________________________________

LESSON FORTY NINE


RELATIVE PRONOUNS - III

►Whose (cujo , cuja, cujos, cujas) indica posse, é usado com qualquer antecedente e não pode ser omitido. 

Ex.:  The boy whose bicycle is broken is my friend.

      Shakespeare, whose plays are famous, was an English author.



► That ( que, quem) é o único pronome relativo usado:

a)Quando há antecedentes diferentes.

Ex.: The girl and the dog that I saw on the beach are at home now.

b)Após superlativos e palavras como some, any, no, everything, much, little, only, all. 

Ex.: He is the best doctor that I know.

     She is the only girl that loves you.

       
►Omissão: quando that for objeto do verbo, ele pode ser omitido. 


►Quando houver preposição antes do pronome relativo usa-se whom (pessoa) ou which (coisa ou animal).

Ex.: The girl about whom you are talking is my sister.

     The book about which you are talking is expensive.
 
     

Pessoas vocês necessitam fazer exercícios dos cursos livre da internet para complemento das fases Elementary, Intermediate e Advanced with possessive adjectives and pronouns para seu próprio entendimento, por exemplo:





INTERMEDIATE


I – Combine the sentences using whose.

Exemple : That man is a good writer. His books are famous.

          That man whose books are famous is a good writer.



1 – The woman is a careful mother. Hr baby is sleeping.

___________________________________ 


2 – The man is very sad. His wife has run away.

___________________________________


3 – Mr. Ford is here. His daughter is called Helen.

_________________________________




II - Supply all possible relative pronouns.


1 – He was speaking about the books and the writers……… he likes. 


2 – The man no …………you gave the money has died.


3 – The table on ……………..you put your shoes cost 300 dollars.

LESSON FIFTY


PREPOSITIONS - III

►across: através; do outro lado        
► along: ao longo de                
           
►below: abaixo                         
          
►by: por; ao lado de; por volta de 
   
►during: durante  
                              
► inside: dentro  
                                 
► near: perto   

► off: fora; à parte

► outside: fora

► over: acima; sobre

►until/ till: até

►upon / on: sobre



Pessoas você necessita fazer exercícios dos cursos livre da internet para complemento das fases Elementary, Intermediate e Advanced with possessive adjectives and pronouns para seu próprio entendimento, por exemplo:






INTERMEDIATE


I – Complete  the sentences with the following prepositions.


Across    -      by  -     along   -    below



1 – The little girl ran………the street because her mother was on the opposite side.


2 – He saw the barbershop………….the street.



3 – They will arrive……….ten o´clock.




II – Complete the  sentences with the following prepositions:


1 – He was waiting for us……… the restaurant.
 

2 – There are many trees …………the new school.


3 – Keep ……………..the grass!



III – Complete the sentences with the following prepositions:

   until      -     over    -     outside    -   upon

      

1 – There was a sign ……. The inn door.

2 – I will be absent…… January.

3 – she was standing…….. the door in the rain.



ADVANCED


Supplay the correct prepositions.


1 – You shouldn’t smoke……. gasoline.

2 -  He placed his hat……… his head.

3 – we should be back………ten.

LESSON FIFTY ONE


FUTURE PERFECT TENSE




► Como se forma: futuro do verbo to have (Will have) + particípio passado do verbo principal.




I Will have studied

You Will have studied 

He will have studied

She will have studied

We will have studied

You will have studied

They will have studied

                                   




       
► Afirmativa:     They Will have studied.

     Negativa:         They   will not have studied.

     Interrogativa:   Will they have studied?




► Forma   abreviada: won’t (Will not).




►O   futuro perfeito é usado para expressar uma ação que terá terminado num   determinado  momento no futuro.

Ex.: In December I Will have   finished my English course.










Pessoas você necessita fazer exercícios   dos cursos livre da internet para complemento das fases Elementary,   Intermediate e Advanced with possessive adjectives and pronouns para seu   próprio entendimento, por exemplo:






  
     
     

ELEMENTARY




I – Put the sentences into the interrogative form.




1 – The plane will have landed by 4 o’clock.

      __________________________________

2 – They will have met her tomorrow at this time.

       __________________________________

3 – She will have been in this town for two years next June.

      ___________________________________




II – Put the sentences from exercise I into the negative form.

1 - ------------------------------------------------------------------.

2 - ------------------------------------------------------------------.

3 - ------------------------------------------------------------------.







INTERMEDIATE




I – Choose the correct alternative.




1 – When mother comers, I will (cleaned, have cleaned) my room.




2 – By midnight they (will be finished, will have finished) their homework.




3 – She (will have written, has written) the letter tomorrow morning.










II – Complete the sentences with the following prepositions:




1 – He was waiting for us……… the restaurant. 




2 – There are many trees …………the new school.




3 – Keep ……………..the grass!







ADVANCED




Combine the sentences using the expression by the time.

         Ex.:  Lucy will leave for Chicago at. Jim will arrive at 6.

                  By the time Jim arrives, Lucy will have left for Chicago.







1 – The rain will stop in a few minutes. Bob will come in an hour.

       ------------------------------------------------------------------------.




2 -  I will read my book tomorrow. The teacher will give the rest next week.

       ------------------------------------------------------------------------.




3 – You will fix my radio in the morning. I’ll get home by noon.

       -------------------------------------------------------------------------.

LESSON FIFTY TWO


CONDITIONAL TENSES 


► Como se forma: world + verbo principal sem to.


             ► Afirmativa:     She would + go to the movies.

     Negativa:         She would go to the movies.

     Interrogativa:   Would she go to the movies?




► Forma abreviada:  wouldn’t (Would not).




Condicional   perfeito


►Cpmo   se forma: would have + particípio passado do verbo principal.

► Afirmativa:     She would  have gone to the movies.

     Negativa:        She would not have gone to the   movies.

     Interrogativa:  Would she have gone to the movies?

►Forma  abreviada:    wouldn’t (would not).



Pessoas você necessita fazer exercícios   dos cursos livre da internet para complemento das fases Elementary,   Intermediate e Advanced with possessive adjectives and pronouns para seu   próprio entendimento, por exemplo:



ELEMENTARY


I – Put sentences 1 to 3 into the negative and sentences 4 to 6 into the interrogative form.


1 – They would have punished you.

      __________________________________

2 – You would see me.

       __________________________________

3 – She would work hard.

      ___________________________________




4 – I would have found the book.

      ------------------------------------------------------.

5-  She would go to  Mexico.

      ------------------------------------------------------.

6 – I would have gone shopping with you.

      -------------------------------------------------------.


INTERMEDIATE


I – Supply the simple conditional tense of the verbs in parentheses.


1 – I …………… (sing) that song.


2 – They ………………(call) me in the morning.

          3 – Sally………………..(take) the wrong bus.


II – supply the conditional perfect tense of the verbs in parentheses.


1 – She………… (write) that letter. 


2 – They …………(build) a new house.


3 – Tom ……………..(study) hard.

ADVANCED

Complete the sentences. Use the following verb forms.

cook                 write             play

have  spent       have given      have gone   

1 – I would………………………..dinner tonight.

2 - We would…………………….mother a present.

3 – I would……………………….my vacation in Europe.

LESSON FIFTY THREE

CONDITIONAL TENSES - I

►A oração condicional expressa uma condição e sempre aparece ligada a uma oração principal.


► As orações condicionais podem expressar:

a)	Condição provável, usando o presente simples e o futuro simples.

Ex.:  IF she has money, she will go to the movies.

b)	Condição improvável, usando o passado simples e o condicional simples.

Ex.: If she had money, she would go to the movies.

c)	Condição impossível, usando o passado perfeito e o condicional perfeito. 

d)	Ex.:  If she had had money, she would have gone to the movies.




Pessoas você necessita fazer exercícios dos cursos livre da internet para complemento das fases Elementary, Intermediate e Advanced with possessive adjectives and pronouns para seu próprio entendimento, por exemplo:





ELEMENTARY


I – Supply the correct form of the verbs in parentheses.


1 – If he………(call), I  will speak with him.

2 – If you …………..(study) hard, you will pass your examination.

3 – If I find your money, I……………(give) it to you.


II - Supply the correct form of the verbs in parentheses.


1 – Would buy a car if I ………..(know) how to drive .

2-  We …………(go) to the beach if we hadn’t do much work to do.

3 – If I………..(have) money, I would travel abroad.


III - Supply the correct form of the verbs in parentheses.


1 – If it had rained, you…. ………..(have) a bad time at the beach

2-  If he …………(arrive), he would have looked for you.
  
3 –They would have answered your question if they …….(know) the answer.



INTERMEDIATE


I – Supply the correct form of the verbs in parentheses.


1 – If the weather is fin, we …………… (go) to the mountains.


2 – They ………………(learn) the lesson if they had paid attention.


3 – If they………………..(ask) me, I will tell the truth.




ADVANCED


Match the columns.


1 – He will help us  
          (   ) we will buy a pizza.


2 – I would study today
   (   ) he would approve the project.


3 – If the police comes,
    (    ) if you had looked  for it.

LESSON FIFTY FOUR

CONDITIONAL TENSES - II

►O verbo to be no passado tem a forma were para todas as pessoas quando aprece em orações condicionais.

 Ex.:  I wouldn’t go out tonight If I were you. 
   
 
► Quando se deseja expressar verdades universais ou lei naturais, os verbos das  duas orações  podem aparecer no presente simples.

Ex.: Metals expand If you heat them.



► Pode-se usar o presente simples com o imperativo.

Ex.: If you have any problem, call me.


► Quando na frase houver had ou were, pode-se omitir o IF fazendo-se a inversão do verbo com o sujeito.

Ex.: If John had arrived early, He would have seen the show.

        Had John arrived early, he would have seen the show.

       If  I were rich, I would buy her a present.

       Were I rich, I would buy her a present. 

► Unless ( se não;  a menos que ) pode ser usado em lugar de IF not.

Ex.: Bill won’t come to the party IF you  don’t invite him.

        Bill won’t come to the party unless you invite him.



Pessoas você necessita fazer exercícios dos cursos livre da internet para complemento das fases Elementary, Intermediate e Advanced with possessive adjectives and pronouns para seu próprio entendimento, por exemplo:




ELEMENTARY


I – Supply the correct form of the verbs to be.


1 – I would go to the party if Mary…………there.

2 – If he ………….. alive, he would like to know you.

3 – He wouldn’t come here if he…..………late.


II – Transform the sentences omitting if.


1 – If they had gone out, they would have caught a cold.

      ______________________________________. 


2-  If he were present, he would agree with  you.

      ______________________________________.


3 – He wouldn’t come here if he…………. late.

      ______________________________________.


III - Supply unless or if.


1 – You mustn’t go out …. ………..I tell you to.

2-  ………… he doesn’t pay me, I will call my lawyer.
  
3 –Don’t go there………………he doesn’t come on time.


IV – supply the simple present tense of the verb in parentheses. 


1 – People……… (die) if they don’t breath.

2 – Wood……….(float) if you put it in water.

3 – If dogs are frightened, they ………..(bark).


V – Supply the imperative of the verbs in parentheses.


1 – If you don’t know the answers, …………….(ask) me.

2 - ………..(call) me if Jane arrives late.

3 – If John is upset, ………………..(not talk) to him.

LESSON FIFTY FIVE


CONDITIONAL TENSES - III



Pessoas você necessita fazer exercícios dos cursos livre da internet para complemento das fases Elementary, Intermediate e Advanced with possessive adjectives and pronouns para seu próprio entendimento, por exemplo:



INTERMEDIATE


The sentences below express probable  condition. Rewrite sentences 1 to 3 so as to express improbable, and sentences 4 to 6 so as to express impossible condition.



1 – I will leave the room if he arrives.

      ______________________________________.
 

2-  If they invite me, I will go with them.

      ______________________________________.


3 – If they buy that car, they will spend all their money.

      ______________________________________.


4 – He will punish  her if she disobeys him.

      ______________________________________.


5 – If we see her, we will kiss her.

      _____________________________________.


6 – If you turn off the lights , we won’t see anything.

      _____________________________________.



ADVANCED


I – Supply the correct form of the verbs in parentheses in order to express probable condition.


1 – I …………..(tell) you if I…………..(need) help.

2 – If she …………..(live) downtown, I …………….(visit) her this evening.

3 – If he …………. (know) English, he……….. (have) no trouble in finding a job.


II – Supply the correct form of the verbs in parentheses.


1 – He would  have  seen her if he…………….(wait).

2 – If I ………… (be) you, I would not do it.

3 – They…………. (give) him the message if  they had seen him.

LESSON FIFTY SIX

► Os verbos em inglês são classificado em :
a)	regulares: formam o passado e o particípio passado com –ed.
.
b)	irregulares: Têm formas próprias para o passado e o particípio passado.

c)	anômalos.

►Características gerais dos verbos anômalos:

a)	não têm  conjugação regular ou completa;

b)	não têm  infinitivo;

c)	não recebem –s ou –es na 3ª pessoa do singular no presente;

d)	são seguidos de infinitivo sem to;

e)	geralmente formam suas próprias interrogativas e negativas.


MAY

►Afirmativa:
      I may go.

Negativa:
        I may not go.

Interrogativa:
   May I go?

►Expressa:

a)Permissão:
      May I come in ?

b)Possibilidade:
  It may rain tonight.


MIGHT

► Afirmativa:
     I might go.

 Negatova:
       I might not go.

 Interrogativa:
  Might I go?


►Expressa:

a)Permissão mais formal:
      Might I come in?

b)Possibilidade mais remota:
 It might rain tonight.



Pessoas você necessita fazer exercícios dos cursos livre da internet para complemento das fases Elementary, Intermediate e Advanced with possessive adjectives and pronouns para seu próprio entendimento, por exemplo:




ELEMENTARY


I – Rewrite the sentences using may. The resulting sentences will express possibility or permission.


Example:

       I  am going with you.

       I may go with you.


1 – He’s trying to explain it to her.

     _______________________________.


2 – Ir’ll rain tomorrow.

     _______________________________.


3 – she’s playing tennis in the afternoon.


     _______________________________.


II – rewrite the sentences using might. The resulting sentences will express weaker possibility.

Exemple:  I am going  with you.

         I might go with you.


1 – We will stay in Chicago.

____________________________________.

2 – The next lesson is hard.

____________________________________.

3 – There is someone in the garden.

____________________________________.


INTERMEDIATE


Write questions asking permission. Use may. Then answer the questions in both affirmative and negative forms.
Exemple:  go to the club

         May I go to the club?

         Yes, you may/no, you may not.


1 – drive your car.

     _____________________________________? 

     _____________________________________.


2-  ask you a question.

     ______________________________________?

     ______________________________________.


3 – Help you.

     ______________________________________?

     ______________________________________.


4 – He will punish  her if she disobeys him.

    ______________________________________.


5 – If we see her, we will kiss her.

     _____________________________________.


6 – If you turn off the lights , we won’t see anything.

     _____________________________________.



ADVANCED


I – Supply the correct form of the verbs in parentheses in order to express probable condition.


1 – I …………..(tell) you if I…………..(need) help.

2 – If she …………..(live) downtown, I …………….(visit) her this evening.

3 – If he …………. (know) English, he……….. (have) no trouble in finding a job.


II – Supply the correct form of the verbs in parentheses.


1 – He would  have  seen her if he…………….(wait).

2 – If I ………… (be) you, I would not do it.

3 – They…………. (give) him the message if  they had seen him.

LESSON FIFTY SERVEN

 
  ANOMALOUS VERBS - II
   
           CAN
  ►Afirmative:      I can play.
      Negativa:         I cannot play. (can’t)
      Interrogativa:   Can I play?
  Expressa:
  a)   Capacidade: She can swim.
  b)    Permissão/ possibilidade: You can  leave now.
           
  COULD      
  ►Afirmativa:      I could play.
      Negativa:         I could not play. (Couldn’t)
      Interrogativa:   Could I play?
  Expressa:
   a)  Capacidade: She could swim years ago.
  b)    Permissão / possibilidade: You could leave five minutes ago.
   
  ► Can e could são usados nos tempos presente, passado, futuro e condicional e podem ser  substituídos por to be able to.
   
  MUST
  ►Afirmativa:      I must play.
      Negativa:         I must not play. (mustn’t)
      Interrogativa:   Must I play?
   
  ►Expressa:
  a)     Obrigação: Everybody must pay his bills.
  b)    Dedução: you are pale. You must be sick.
  c)     Proibição: You mustn’t smoke here.
  d)    Conselho: You must see that play.
   
   
         
       
       
       
 
  Pessoas você necessita fazer exercícios dos cursos livre da internet para complemento das fases Elementary, Intermediate e Advanced with possessive adjectives and pronouns para seu próprio entendimento, por exemplo:
   
   
   
  ELEMENTARY
   
  I – Rewrite the sentences using can. The resulting sentences will express ability, possibility or permission.
   
  Example:
          I  am going with you.
          I can go with you.
  1 – He speaks English.
        _______________________________.
   
  2 – We have a good time here.
        _______________________________.
   
  3 – I walk to school in the morning.
        _______________________________.
   
  II – Put sentences 1 to 3 into the interrogative and 4 to 6 into the negative form.
   
  1 – We can leave for dinner.
        ____________________________________.
  2 – The y could work together.
        ____________________________________.
  3 – She must study hard.
        ____________________________________.
   
  INTERMEDIATE
   
  I - Write sentences using to be able to in the correct form.
  Exemple:    Swim tomorrow
  He will be able to  swim tomorrow.
   
  1 – read that letter yesterday.
        _____________________________________.
   
  2-  come today.
        ______________________________________.
   
  3 – travel next year
        ______________________________________.
   
   
  II – Rewrite the sentences using to have to in the correct form. The resulting sentences will express the same as the sentences with must: obligation, advice, deduction or prohibition.
  Exemple:  We study Portuguese every day.
                              We have to study Portuguese every day. 
   
  1 – I read that book today.
        __________________________________.
   
  2 – He will travel next month.
   
        __________________________________.
   
   
  3 – We went home by car yesterday.
   
        __________________________________.

LESSON FIFTY EIGHT

 
  
ANOMALOUS VERBS – III
   
          OUGHT TO 
►Afirmative:      I ought to go.
      Negativa:         I ought not to go. (oughtn’t)
      Interrogativa:   Ought I to go?
  Expressa:
  a)     Conselho:  You ought to visit your grandmother.
  b)    Dever: You ought to do your homework.
   
  Ought to e should são usados nos tempos presente, passado e futuro.   
   
  SHOULD  
  ►Afirmativa:      I should go.
      Negativa:         I should not go. (shouldn’t)
      Interrogativa:   Should I go?
  Expressa:
  a)     Conselho: You should visit you grandmother.
  b)    Dever: You should do your homework.
   
  ► Ought to e should são usados nos tempos presente, passado e futuro..
   
  USED TO
  ►Afirmativa:      He used to swim.
      Negativa:         He didn’t use to swim. 
      Interrogativa:   Did He use to swim?
   
  ►Used to expressa um hábito passado.
   
         
       
       
       
 
  ►To be used to: estar acostumado a 
       Ex.: He is used to swimming in the morning.
   
   
  Pessoas você necessita fazer exercícios dos cursos livre da internet para complemento das fases Elementary, Intermediate e Advanced with possessive adjectives and pronouns para seu próprio entendimento, por exemplo:
   
   
  ELEMENTARY
   
  I –Write sentences 1 to 3 using ought to and sentences 4 to 8 using should. The resulting sentences will express obligation or advice.
   
  Example:  study
          You ought to study. / You should study.
  1 – make a cake.
        _______________________________.
   
  2 – cook dinner.
        _______________________________.
   
  3 – not clean the room.
        _______________________________.
  4 – talk to him.
        _______________________________.
  5 – not help her.
        _______________________________.
  6 – go to a doctor.
        _______________________________.
   
  II – Rewrite these sentences using used to. The resulting sentences will express habitual past actions.
   
  1 – We went to Times Square.
        ____________________________________.
  2 – He reads a lot.
        ____________________________________.
  3 – I had a dog.
        ____________________________________.
   
  INTERMEDIATE
   
  I – Put these sentences into the interrogative and negative forms.
   
  1 – He used to tell me stories.
        _____________________________________.
   
  2-  You ought to go with us.
        ______________________________________.
   
  3 – I should have lunch with him.
        _______________________________.

LESSON FIFTY NINE


INTERROGATIVES            
  
► What is his occupation? He is a teacher.
   
  ►When did He arrive? He arrived yesterday. 
   
  ►Where did you live? I live in Goiânia.
   
  ►Why are you sad?  Because  I am hungry.
   
         
       
       
       
 
  ►Who is that girl? That’s Mary.
   
  ►Which of these books do you like Best? I like the red one.
   
  ►Whose dress is that ? It’s Mary’s.
   
  ► How are you? I’m fine.
   
                                     
  ► Expressões formadas com how:
           How many...    how long.....   how deep...
           How much...     how far...       how often...
           How old...         how tall...      how big...   
   
   
  Pessoas você necessita fazer exercícios dos cursos livre da internet para complemento das fases Elementary, Intermediate e Advanced with possessive adjectives and pronouns para seu próprio entendimento, por exemplo:
   
   
  ELEMENTARY
   
  I –Supply the correct interrogative.
   
  1 – ……….. is your sister? She’s fine, thanks.
   
  2 – ………..did you see? I saw Mary.
   
  3 – ………..is she tired? Because she has worked a lot.
   
   
  INTERMEDIATE
   
  Ask questions.
  Exemple:  He is in the garden.
          Where is he?
   
  1 – She is reading a letter.
        _____________________________________.
   
  2-  I went to the club yesterday.
        ______________________________________.
   
  3 – That girl is my  sister.
        ______________________________________.
   
    
  ADVANCED
   
  Supply the correct interrogatives.
   
  1 - …………..brothers do you have? I have two brothers.
  2 - …………..does it take you to go to school? I t takes me 5 minutes.
  3 - …………..is the river? It is 10 meters deep.

LESSON SIXTY SERVEN


►  DIRECT AND INDIRECT SPEECH – III
	
Pessoas esta vale lembrar - o que é preposição - uma palavra que estabelece relação entre 


Pessoas você necessita fazer exercícios dos cursos livre da internet para complemento das fases Elementary, Intermediate e Advanced with possessive adjectives and pronouns para seu próprio entendimento, por exemplo:


ADVANCED


Put these sentences into the Indirect Speech. 


1 – She said to me, “Can you draw a horse?”

____________________________________

2 – Frank said to us, “Why are you digging this hole in the garden?”

____________________________________

3 – My neighbor said, “My flowers didn’t grow as much as yours.”

____________________________________

LESSON SIXTY SIX


DIRECT AND INDIRECT SPEECH – II
	
► Quando se relata uma ordem, usa-se o infinitivo.


Ex.: He said, “Open the door.”H e	•told me
•asked me	 	
to open the door.
     
                                                         
He said “Don’t open the door.”He	•told me
•asked me	 	
not to open the door.

►Quando se relata  uma pergunta, colocar-se a frase na forma afirmativa e observam-se as mesmas transformações feitas com as frases afirmativas (lição 65).

Ex>;  He Said, “Where is Paul?”    He asked where Paul was.

      He said, “Is Paul here?”        He asked if Paul was there.

Nota: Pode-se usar whether no lugar de if.


►Would, could, should, must e might não mudam de forma.

Ex.: He said, “ could go.”  He said that he could go.

►Say é usado sem objeto indireto ou com objeto indireto precedido de “to”. 

No discurso indireto,  tell é usado com objeto indireto não precedido de “to”.  

	Ex.: John Said, “I Love Mary.”	   John said that he loved Mary.

	     John said to Mary, “I love you.”  John told Mary that he loved her.

	          

Pessoas esta vale lembrar - o que é preposição - uma palavra que estabelece relação entre 



Pessoas você necessita fazer exercícios dos cursos livre da internet para complemento das fases Elementary, Intermediate e Advanced with possessive adjectives and pronouns para seu próprio entendimento, por exemplo:





ELEMENTARY

Put these sentences into the Indirect Speech. Introduce them using told in sentences 1 to 3 and He said that in sentences 4 to 6.

1 – Johan said to Mary, “I hate you.”

_______________________________________


2 – I said to the porter, “I am Mr. Spencer.” 

_______________________________________


3 – He said to Jane, “I am always here on Fridays.”

_______________________________________


4 - “I must go to the library before it closes.”

____________________________________


5 – “Nobody could paint a picture as well as you.”

____________________________________


6 – “You should leave the country at once.”

____________________________________



INTERMEDIATE


Put these sentences into the Indirect Speech using the verbs indicated. 


1 – “Sit down!” (he asked)

_______________________________________________

2 – “Come here!“ (they ordered)

_______________________________________________

3 – “Don’t run away!” (she told)

_______________________________________________



ADVANCED


Put these sentences into the Indirect Speech. Introduce them using HE/SHE asked me in sentences 1 a 3 HE/SHE  wanted to know in sentences 4 to 6.


1 – “What are you doing?”

____________________________________

2 - “Do you play the piano?”

____________________________________

3 - “How did you go to school?”<
____________________________________

LESSON SIXTY FIVE


DIRECT AND INDIRECT SPEECH – I
	
► Há duas formas de se relatar o que alguém disse: pelo
	Ex.: John Said, “ I work every Day.” ( discurso direto)

 	        John said that He worked every Day. (discurso indireto)  

► Observe as mudanças mais freqüentes:

 	
Discurso direto	Discurso indireto


1)He Said, “I have a test today.”    

2)He said, “ I worked yesterday.”    

3)He said, “I’ll work tomorrow.”      
 
4)He said, “I’m working now.”     
 
5)He said, “I was working 5 minute ago"
 
6)He said, “ I have lived here.”    

7)He said, “I can work.”     


2.2)He said that he had worked the day before.

3.3)He said that he would work the next day.
.
4.4)He said that he was working then.

5.5)He said that he had been working 5 minutes before.
.
6.6)He said that he had lived there.

7.7)He said that he could work. 



Pessoas esta vale lembrar - o que é preposição - uma palavra que estabelece relação entre 



Pessoas você necessita fazer exercícios dos cursos livre da internet para complemento das fases Elementary, Intermediate e Advanced with possessive adjectives and pronouns para seu próprio entendimento, por exemplo:



INTERMEDIATE


Put these sentences into the Indirect Speech.


1 – He said, “I feel well today.”

______________________________________________


2 – She said, “The girls are in the garden.”

______________________________________________


3 – Mary sad, “The boys are playing chess now.”

______________________________________________

LESSON SIXTY


 TAG ENDINGS – I     
       
  ► Tag endings são pequenas perguntas colocadas ao final das orações, para pedir uma informação ou confirmação do que foi dito.
   
  ►Após uma oração afirmativa, usa-se o tag ending negativo. 
           Ex.:    Mary is working, isn’t she?
                     Paulo will come, won’t he?
                     They work in the morning, don’t they?
                     Bob plays the piano, doesn’t he?
                     Mary talked to you, didn’t he?
   
  ►Características gerais do tag ending:
  a)     vem sempre após uma vírgula;
  b)    é sempre formado por um verbo auxiliar ou anômalo e um pronome;
  c)     a forma negativa aparece sempre abreviada.
   
           
   
   
  Pessoas você necessita fazer exercícios dos cursos livre da internet para complemento das fases Elementary, Intermediate e Advanced with possessive adjectives and pronouns para seu próprio entendimento, por exemplo:
   
   
  ELEMENTARY
   
  I –Supply the correct tag endings.
   
  1 – He is sleeping now,…………..?
   
  2 – They are going to work tomorrow,………..?
   
  3 – Bob arrived late,……………..?
   
   
  II – Supply the correct tag endings.
   
  1 – It might rain,……………?
        
  2-  The firemen broke the door down, ………..?
    3 – You could have arrived earlier,………..?

LESSON SIXTY ONE


TAG ENDINGS – II   
        
► Quando a oração for negativa, o tag ending será afirmativo.
         Ex.: Mary isn’t working, is she?
                 Paul won’t come, will he?
                 They don’t work in the morning, do they?
                 Bob doesn’t play the piano, does he?       
                  Mary didn’t talk to you, did she?    
►Casos especiais:
         1 – I AM very late,   aren’t I ? /  am I not ?
         2 – Let’s go home now, shall we?
         3 – Open the window, will you ?
         4 – She may go now, may she not?



Pessoas você necessita fazer exercícios dos cursos livre da internet para complemento das fases Elementary, Intermediate e Advanced with possessive adjectives and pronouns para seu próprio entendimento, por exemplo:


ELEMENTARY

I –Supply the correct tag endings.

1 – She isn’t your mother,…………..?

2 – They aren’t studying,………..?

3 – I am your friend,,……………..?


II – Supply the correct tag endings.

1 – You don’t believe her,……………?
     
2-  The children aren’t looking for Jack, ………..?

3 – The players shouldn’t shout so much,………..?

LESSON SIXTY TWO


PASSIVE VOICE - I     
      

► Como se forma:  verbo to be  (no tempo adequado) + particípio passado do verbo principal.

            Ex.: Jane writes a letter.    -  ->    A letter is written by Jane.

                  Jane wrote a letter.     -  ->    A letter was written by Jane.

►Tempo verbal:


   
Presente continuo

Passado continuo    Going  to                 

Futuro   simples  

Futuro   continuo   

Presente simples    

Passado    simples    

Presente perfeito    

Presente perfeito     

Condicional simples   

Condicional perfeito

Can  



   
is   reading            

was   reading

 is going to read  

 will read              will be reading    reads       

read 

has   read 

had   read              would read 

would   have     

can   read            
   
is   being read

was   being read

is going   to be  read

will be   real

will be   being read  

is read

was   read 

has   been read

had   been read

would   be read 

would   have been read can be read
  

Pessoas você necessita fazer exercícios dos cursos livre da internet para complemento das fases Elementary, Intermediate e Advanced with possessive adjectives and pronouns para seu próprio entendimento, por exemplo:


ELEMENTARY


I –Supply the correct form of the verbs in the Passive Voice.



1 – He writes many letters every day.


Many letters……………….by the boys.


2 – The boys have finished the report.


The report………………..by the boys.


3 – She will read the message.


The message ………….. by her.

LESSON SIXTY THREE


PASSIVE VOICE - II	
	
►O objeto da voz ativa torna-se sujeito na voz passiva.

►O sujeito torna-se agente da passiva.

► O  agente da passiva vem sempre precedido por  by ou, então, pode ser omitido.

      Ex.:  Jane is reading the book;

            The book is being read (by Jane).

 
► Quando o verbo na voz ativa tiver dois objetos, qualquer um deles pode ser  o sujeito da passava .

      Ex.: John told  me a story. -  A story was told to me (by John). 

                                                  -  I was told a story (by John).
	


Pessoas você necessita fazer exercícios dos cursos livre da internet para complemento das fases Elementary, Intermediate e Advanced with possessive adjectives and pronouns para seu próprio entendimento, por exemplo:



ELEMENTARY


I –Put these sentences into the Passive Voice.


1 – We followed the leader.

      _________________________________.

    
2 – The children have lost new doghouse.

      _________________________________.


3 – Justice punishes crimes.

      _________________________________. 


INTERMEDIATE


Put these sentences into the Passive Voice.

1 – She tells us stories every night.

_________________________________.

2 – He explained the theory to us.

_________________________________.

3 -  Donald will send a card to Betty.

_________________________________.

ADVANCED


Put these sentences into the Active Voice.


1 – The Japanese lamp was broken by the girls.

_____________________________________.

2 -  Information is stored by computers.

_____________________________________.

3 -  The letters were sent by Karl.

_____________________________________.

LESSON SIXTY FOUR



PREPOSITIONS - IV 
          beside:   so lado de; junto a
   besides:   além de; em adição a
   beyond:   além de; mais longe que
   but:   exceto
   despite:   apesar de, não obstante
   down:   para baixo; abaixo
   like:  como
   throughout: através, durante
   towards: em direção a
   with: com
   within: dentro de
   without: sem
          
     			         

Pessoas esta vale lembrar  - o que é preposição - uma palavra que estabelece relação entre


Pessoas você necessita fazer exercícios dos cursos livre da internet para complemento das fases Elementary, Intermediate e Advanced with possessive adjectives and pronouns para seu próprio entendimento, por exemplo:



INTERMEDIATE


I – Supply beside, besides, beyond or but.

   1 – He is sitting………………Alice.

   2 – Two girls won prizes…………us.

   3 -  Te bad man is…………salvation.


II – Supply despite, down, like or towards.

     1 – Your house is just…………… mine.

     2 – We climbed……………the hill and rested in the valley.

     3 -  I want a car……………yours.


III – Supply throughout, with , within or without.

      1 – you cannot write…………..this pen.

      2 – I’m going to ravel…………my mother.

      3 -  you can’t leave……………money. 


ADVANCED


Supply the appropriate prepositions.


1 – The director will arrive…………… an hour.


2 -  This road leads……………….the sea.


3 -  He is sitting………………Helen.

Pages

TABLES - II

Para conhecer mais - videos

Sons english X português

LEMBRETE

PESSOAS esta não é uma dica

LESSON SIXTY EIGHT

LESSON SIXTY NINE

LESSON SEVENTY

LESSON SEVENTY ONE

LESSON SEVENTY TWO

LESSON SEVENTY THREE

LESSON ONE

LESSON TWO

LESSON THREE

LESSON FOUR

LESSON FIVE

LESSON SIX

LESSON SEVEN

► This (este, esta, isto) refere-se a algo que está próximo. O plural de this é these.

Ex.: This book is interesting.

► That (aquele, aquela, aquilo) refere-se a algo que está longe. O plural de tant é those.

Ex.: That girl over there is my sister.

LESSON EIGHT

► De maneira geral, faz-se o plural acrescentando-se -s à forma do singular.

Ex.: table – tables firl – firls chief – chiefs safe – safes.

► Substantivos terminados em – s, - ch, -sh, -x, - z e –o recebem –es.

Ex.: bus - buses church – churches brush - brushes.

LESSON NINE

LESSON TEN

LESSON TWELVE

LESSON FOURTEEN

LESSON ELEVEN

LESSON FIFTEEN

LESSON THIRTEEN

LESSON SIXTEEN

LESSON SEVENTEEN

LESSON EITHTEEN

LESSON TWENTY

LESSON TWENTY ONE

LESSON TWENTY TWO

LESSON TWENTY THREE

LESSON TWENTY FOUR

LESSON TWENTY FIVE

LESSON TWENTY SIX

LESSON THIRTY SERVEN

LESSON NINETEEN

LESSON TWENTY EIGHT

LESSON TWENTY NINE

LESSON THIRTY

LESSON THIRTY ONE

LESSON THIRTY TWO

LESSON THIRTY THREE

LESSON THIRTY FOUR

LESSON THIRTY FIVE

LESSON THIRTY SIX

LESSON THIRTY EIGHT

LESSON THIRTY NINE

LESSON FOURTY

LESSON FOURTY ONE

LESSON FOURTY TWO

LESSON FOURTY THREE

LESSON FOURTY FOUR

LESSON FORTY FIVE

LESSON FORTY SIX

LESSON FORTY SERVEN

LESSON FORTY EIGHT

LESSON FORTY NINE

LESSON FIFTY

LESSON FIFTY ONE

LESSON FIFTY TWO

LESSON FIFTY THREE

LESSON FIFTY FOUR

LESSON FIFTY FIVE

LESSON FIFTY SIX

LESSON FIFTY SERVEN

LESSON FIFTY EIGHT

LESSON FIFTY NINE

LESSON SIXTY SERVEN

LESSON SIXTY SIX