LESSON FORTY FOUR
PRESENT PERFECT TENSE – III
O presente perfeito é também usado com as seguintes palavras:
► since (desde): I have studied english since April.
► for (durante): I have studied english for two years.
► Just (acabar de): They have Just arrived from London.
►already (já): They have already arrived.
Have they already arrived?
► yet (já, ainda): They haven’t arrived yet.
Have they arrived yet?
ELEMENTARY
I Supply since or for.
1 – We have lived there…………………
two years.
2 – We have lived
there……………….. last year.
3 – The bell has rung………………….
Half an hour.
II – Supply yet or already.
1 – I’ve………………….done my
exercises.
2 – She hasn’t answered the
question………….. .
3 – They’ve……………….. talked to
me.
INTERMEDIATE
I – Supply the Present Perfect
Tense of the verbs in parentheses.
1 – Karl ………………just……………
(arrive).
2 – I…………….. (wait) for you
for two hours .
3 – He. ……………….(attract) me since I was a girl.
ADVANCED
I – Supply the correct verb
tense.
1- He…………………. (sit) on that sofa three hours ago.
2- I………………. (read) that book there times.
3-
The baby…….……….. (sleep) now.
LESSON FORTY
FIVE
PRESENT PERFECT TENSE
CONTINOUS TENSE
Como se forma: presente perfeito do verbo to be +
particípio do verbo principal (forma –ing).
I have been studying
You have been studying
He has been studying
She has been studying
We have been studying
You have been studying
They have been studying
►Afirmativa: They have been studying
► Negativa: They have not been studying
► Interrogativa: Have they been studying?
► O presente perfeito contínuo, assim
como o presente perfeito, é usado para expressar coes que começaram no passado e
continuam até o presente, porém enfatiza
a continuidade das ações.
Ex.: I’m very
tired because I’ve been working
since eight in the morning.
ELEMENTARY
I - Supply the Present Perfect
Continuous Tense of the verbs in parentheses.
1 – She………………… (work) in the
factory for many years.
2 – He……………….. (travel) around the world.
3 – They………………….(look) for
you.
INTERMEDIATE
I – Put the sentences into the
Present Perfect Continuous Tense.
1 – Has she lived here for a
long time?
_________________________________________
2 – They have cried for two
hours.
_________________________________________
3 – We haven’t studied French
since February.
_________________________________________
ADVANCED
I – Supply the Present
Continuous or the Present Perfect Continuous Tense of the verbs in parentheses.
1- It…………………. (rain) hard for two days.
2- I………………. (wait)
for him since 4 o’clock.
3-
The children…….……….. (play) in the garden since this morning.
====================================================
LESSON FORTY
SIX
PAST PERFECT TENSE
Como se forma: passado do verbo to have + particípio
passado principal:
I
had studied
You
had studied
He
had studied
She
had studied
We
had studied
You
had studied
They
had studied
► Afirmativa: They had Studied.
Negativa: They had not studied.
Interrogative: Had they studied?
► Formas abreviada:
hadn’t (had not).
► O passado perfeito é usado para expressar uma ação
que aconteceu antes de outra ação no passado.
Ex.: When I arrived, the
teacher had spoken for an hour.
►O passado perfeito contínuo é formado
pelo passado perfeito do verbo to be +
o particípio presente do verbo principal (forma –ing).
Ex.: When I arrived, the teacher had been speaking for an hour.
ELEMENTARY
I - Supply the Past Perfect
Tense of the verbs in parentheses.
1 – I dressed after I
………………… (wash).
2 – They ……………….. (do) nothing before they met me.
3 – I thanked him for what
he …………………. (do).
INTERMEDIATE
I – Supply the Past Perfect
Tense of the verbs in parentheses.
1 – She lost the book
he_________________(give) her.
2 – He____________(paint)
the house after he had bought it.
3 – I________(write) two
letters before the secretary entered the room.
ADVANCED
I – Supply the Past Tense of
the verbs in parentheses.
1- They………. (drink) two beers
before they ………(start) dinner.
2- I…………. (sleep) for one hour
when he……(knok) at the door.
3- The girl…….……….. (ask) me
what…………(happen).
=========================================================
LESSON FORTY
SERVEN
RELATIVE PRONOUNS - I
►Os
pronomes relativos introduzem orações subordinadas adjetivas (restritivas ou
explicativas). Essas orações definem. Limitam ou acrescentam algo ao
significado
► Who,
whom e that (que, quem) são usados quando o antecedente for pessoa.
Usa-se Who ou that quando o pronome é
sujeito do verbo.
Ex.:
The girl Who arrived is beautiful. (people)
The girl that arrived is beautiful. (choose)
Personas! Neste exemplo não se esqueçam de que Who (é para pessoas) that (é para coisas) e
quando for testes (prova) de conhecimento gramatical (Grammar Focus) não use
that para ambos.
► Usa-se
Who, whom, that ou omite-se o pronome quando este é objeto do verbo.
Ex.: The girl
who I saw is beautiful.
The girl whom I saw is beautiful.
The girl that I saw is beautiful.
The girl I saw is beautiful.
►Quando a
oração subordinada não for essencial para o significado do período:
a)
Ela sempre vem entre vírgulas;
b)
B) não se pode usar that;
c)
Não se pode omitir o pronome.
Ex.: Mr. Allen. Who/whom you saw yesterday, is a American citizen.
ELEMENTARY
I - Supply who and / or whom.
1 – The girl …………………read the pal of my hand was a
gypsy.
2 – She is the person ……………he has invited.
3 – People ………………come from Europe are called
European.
INTERMEDIATE
Choose the correct alternatives.
1 – The girl (who, whom, that, ---) is beside him is
his daughter.
2 – The man (who, whom, that, ----) you showed me is
my teacher.
3 – Where is the person (who, whom, that, ---) I was
talking to are actresses.
ADVANCED
I – Supply all possible relative pronouns.
1- Mrs. Brown,……….I very old, is
studying nuclear radiation.
2- Greg, ………we have just met, is a
very kind man.
3- That man
is the doctor……… you are going to work with.
======================================================
LESSON FORTY
EIGHT
RELATIVE
PRONOUNS - II
►Usa-se
which ou that quando pronome é sujeito do verbo.
Ex.: the dog which entered the room is sick.
The dog that entered the room is sick.
► Use-se
which, that ou omite-se o pronome quando este é objeto do verbo.
Ex.: The dog
which you saw is sick.
The dog
that you saw is sick.
The dog
you saw is sick.
►Quando a oração subordinada não é
essencial para o significado do período:
a)
Ela sempre vem entre vírgulas;
b)
Não se pode usar that;
c)
Não se pode omitir o pronome.
Ex.: Swimming, which I like very much, is a good
sport.
ELEMENTARY
I - Supply all possible relative pronouns.
1 – The book ………………you lent me is very interesting.
2 – The chair ……………is broken is in that room.
3 – The dogs………………entered the room are mine.
INTERMEDIATE
Supply all possible relative pronouns.
1 – Smoking,……………is very popular, is a bad habit.
2 – Sally’s mother, …………we have just met, likes you
very much.
3 – Computers,……………..I have, may help us a lot.
ADVANCED
I – Combine the sentences. Supply a relative pronoun.
1-
The car is in yourgarage. The car is stolen.
_____________________________________
2-
The house is inyour garden. The horse ate your lilies.
______________________________________
3-
The San Diego Zoois in California. The books have disappeared.
__________________________________________
=======================================================================
LESSON FORTY
NINE
RELATIVE PRONOUNS - III
►Whose (cujo
, cuja, cujos, cujas) indica posse, é usado com qualquer antecedente e não pode
ser omitido.
Ex.: The boy
whose bicycle is broken is my friend.
Shakespeare, whose plays are famous, was an English author.
► That (que,
quem) é o único pronome relativo usado:
a)
Quando há antecedentes diferentes.
Ex.:
The girl and the dog that I saw on the beach are at home now.
b) Após superlativos e palavras como some, any, no,
everything, much, little, only, all.
Ex.:
He is the best doctor that I know.
She is the only girl that loves you.
►Omissão: quando that for objeto do verbo, ele pode
ser omitido.
►Quando houver preposição antes do pronome relativo
usa-se whom (pessoa) ou which (coisa ou animal).
Ex.: The girl about whom you
are talking is my sister.
The book about which you are talking is
expensive.
INTERMEDIATE
I – Combine the sentences using whose.
Ex.: That man is a good writer. His books are famous.
That man
whose books are famous is a good writer.
1 – The woman is a careful mother. Hr baby is sleeping.
___________________________________
2 – The man is very sad. His wife has run away.
___________________________________
3 – Mr. Ford is here. His daughter is called Helen.
_________________________________
II - Supply all possible relative pronouns.
1 – He was speaking about the books and the writers………
he likes.
2 – The man no …………you gave the money has died.
3 – The table on ……………..you put your shoes cost 300
dollars.
===========================================================
LESSON FIFTY
PREPOSITIONS
- III
►across:
através; do outro lado
► along: ao
longo de
►below:
abaixo
►by:
por; ao lado de; por volta de
►during:
durante
►
inside: dentro
►
near: perto
►
off: fora; à parte
►
outside: fora
►
over: acima; sobre
►until/
till: até
►upon
/ on: sobre
INTERMEDIATE
I – Complete the sentences with the following
prepositions.
Across - by
- along -
below
1 – The little girl ran………the street because her
mother was on the opposite side.
2 – He saw the barbershop………….the street.
3 – They will arrive……….ten o´clock.
II – Complete the sentences with the following
prepositions:
1 – He was waiting for us……… the restaurant.
2 – There are many trees …………the new school.
3 – Keep ……………..the grass!
III – Complete the sentences with the following
prepositions:
until - over
- outside -
upon
1 – There was a
sign ……. The inn door.
2 – I will be
absent…… January.
3 – She was
standing…….. the door in the rain.
ADVANCED
Supply the correct prepositions.
1 – You shouldn’t smoke……. gasoline.
2 - He placed
his hat……… his head.
3 – we should
be back………ten.
============================================================
LESSON FIFTY
ONE
FUTURE
PERFECT TENSE
► Como se
forma: futuro do verbo to have (Will have) + particípio passado do verbo
principal.
I Will have studied
You Will have studied
He will have studied
She will have studied
We will have studied
You will have studied
They will have studied
►
Afirmativa: They Will have studied.
Negativa: They will not have studied.
Interrogativa: Will they have studied?
► Forma abreviada: won’t (Will not).
►O futuro perfeito é usado para
expressar uma ação que terá terminado num determinado momento no futuro.
Ex.:
In December I Will have finished my English course.
ELEMENTARY
I – Put the sentences into the interrogative form.
1 – The plane will have landed by 4 o’clock.
__________________________________
2 – They will have met her tomorrow at this time.
__________________________________
3 – She will have been in this town for two years next
June.
___________________________________
II – Put the sentences from exercise I into the
negative form.
1 -
------------------------------------------------------------------.
2 -
------------------------------------------------------------------.
3 -
------------------------------------------------------------------.
INTERMEDIATE
I – Choose the correct alternative.
1 – When mother comers, I will (cleaned, have cleaned)
my room.
2 – By midnight they (will be finished, will have
finished) their homework.
3 – She (will have written, has written) the letter
tomorrow morning.
II – Complete the sentences with the following
prepositions:
1 – He was waiting for us……… the restaurant.
2 – There are many trees …………the new school.
3 – Keep ……………..the grass!
ADVANCED
Combine the sentences using the expression by the
time.
Ex.: Lucy will leave for Chicago
at. Jim will arrive at 6.
By the time Jim arrives, Lucy will have left for Chicago.
1 – The rain will stop in a few minutes. Bob will come
in an hour.
------------------------------------------------------------------------.
2 - I will read my book tomorrow. The teacher will
give the rest next week.
------------------------------------------------------------------------.
3 – You will fix my radio in the morning. I’ll get
home by noon.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------.
========================================================
LESSON FIFTY
TWO
CONDITIONAL
TENSES
► Como se
forma: world + verbo principal sem to.
►
Afirmativa: She would + go to the
movies.
Negativa: She would go to the movies.
Interrogativa: Would she go to the movies?
►
Forma abreviada: wouldn’t (would not).
Condicional perfeito
►Como se forma: would have +
particípio passado do verbo principal.
►
Afirmativa: She would have gone to
the movies.
Negativa: She would not have gone to the
movies.
Interrogativa: Would she have gone to the movies?
►
Forma abreviada: wouldn’t (would not).
ELEMENTARY
I – Put
sentences 1 to 3 into the negative and sentences 4 to 6 into the interrogative
form.
1 – They would have punished you.
__________________________________
2 – You would see me.
__________________________________
3 – She would work hard.
___________________________________
4 – I would have found the book.
------------------------------------------------------.
5- She would
go to Mexico.
------------------------------------------------------.
6 – I would have gone shopping with you.
-------------------------------------------------------.
INTERMEDIATE
I – Supply the simple conditional tense of the verbs
in parentheses.
1 – I …………… (sing) that song.
2 – They ……………… (call) me in the morning.
3 – Sally……………….. (take) the wrong bus.
II – supply the conditional perfect tense of the verbs
in parentheses.
1 – She………… (write) that letter.
2 – They ………… (build) a new house.
3 – Tom …………….. (study) hard.
ADVANCED
Complete the sentences. Use the following verb forms.
cook
write play
have spent
have given have gone
1 – I would………………………..dinner tonight.
2 - We would…………………….mother a present.
3 – I would……………………….my vacation in Europe.
====================================================
THREE
CONDITIONAL
SENTENCES - I
►A oração
condicional expressa uma condição e sempre aparece ligada a uma oração
principal.
► As orações condicionais podem expressar:
a) Condição provável, usando o presente simples e o
futuro simples.
Ex.: IF she has money, she will go to the
movies.
b) Condição improvável, usando o passado simples e o
condicional simples.
Ex.: If she had
money, she would go to the movies.
c) Condição impossível, usando o passado perfeito e o
condicional perfeito.
Ex.: If she had had money, she
would have gone to the movies.
ELEMENTARY
I – Supply the correct form of the verbs in
parentheses
1 – If he……… (call), I
will speak with him.
2 – If you ………….. (study) hard, you will pass your
examination.
3 – If I find your money, I…………… (give) it to you.
II - Supply the correct form of the verbs in
parentheses.
1 – Would buy a car if I ……….. (know) how to drive .
2 - We …………(go)
to the beach if we hadn’t do much work to do.
3 – If I……….. (have) money, I would travel abroad.
III - Supply the correct form of the verbs in
parentheses.
1 – If it had rained, you…. ……….. (have) a bad time at
the beach
2 - If he
…………(arrive), he would have looked for you.
3 –They would have answered your question if they ……..
(know) the answer.
INTERMEDIATE
I – Supply the correct form of the verbs in
parentheses.
1 – If the weather is fin, we …………… (go) to the
mountains.
2 – They ……………… (learn) the lesson if they had paid
attention.
3 – If they……………….. (ask) me, I will tell the truth.
ADVANCED
Match the columns.
1 – He will help us (
) we will buy a pizza.
2 – I would study today ( )
he would approve the project.
3 – If the police comes, (
) if you had looked for it.
============================================================
LESSON FIFTY
FOUR
CONDITIONAL
SENTENCES – II
Casos
especiais:
►O verbo to be no passado tem a forma were para todas
as pessoas quando aprece em orações condicionais.
Ex.: I wouldn’t go out tonight If I were you.
► Quando se deseja expressar verdades
universais ou lei naturais, os verbos das
duas orações podem aparecer no
presente simples.
Ex.:
Metals expand If you heat them.
► Pode-se usar o presente simples com
o imperativo.
Ex.:
If you have any problem, call me.
► Quando na frase houver had ou were,
pode-se omitir o IF fazendo-se a inversão do verbo com o sujeito.
Ex.:
If John had arrived early, He would have seen the show.
Had John arrived early, he would have
seen the show.
If I were rich, I would buy her a
present.
Were I rich, I would buy her a
present.
► Unless (se não; a menos que ) pode ser usado em lugar de IF
not.
Ex.:
Bill won’t come to the party IF you don’t invite him.
Bill won’t come to the party unless
you invite him.
ELEMENTARY
I – Supply the correct form of the verbs to be.
1 – I would go to the party if Mary…………there.
2 – If he ………….. alive, he would like to know you.
3 – He wouldn’t come here if he…..………late.
II – Transform the sentences omitting if.
1 – If they had gone out, they would have caught a
cold.
______________________________________.
2- If he were
present, he would agree with you.
______________________________________.
3 – He wouldn’t come here if he…………. late.
______________________________________.
III - Supply unless or if.
1 – You mustn’t go out …. ………..I tell you to.
2 - ………… he doesn’t pay me, I will call my
lawyer.
3 –Don’t go there………………he doesn’t come on time.
IV – supply the simple present tense of the verb in
parentheses.
1 – People……… (die) if they don’t breath.
2 – Wood………. (float) if you put it in water.
3 – If dogs are frightened, they ………..(bark).
V – Supply the imperative of the verbs in parentheses.
1 – If you don’t know the answers, …………….(ask) me.
2 - ……….. (call) me if Jane arrives late.
3 – If John is upset,…………………. (not talk) to him.
========================================================
LESSON FIFTY
FIVE
CONDITIONAL SENTENCES – III
NO HAVE EXEMPLES - OKAY MY
DEAR!
INTERMEDIATE
The sentences below express probable condition.
Rewrite sentences 1 to 3 so as to express improbable, and sentences 4 to 6 so
as to express impossible condition.
1 – I will leave the room if he arrives.
______________________________________.
2 - If they invite me, I will go with them.
______________________________________.
3 – If they buy that car, they will spend all their
money.
______________________________________.
4 – He will punish her if she disobeys him.
______________________________________.
5 – If we see her, we will kiss her.
_____________________________________.
6 – If you turn off the lights, we won’t see anything.
_____________________________________.
ADVANCED
I – Supply the correct form of the verbs in
parentheses in order to express probable condition.
1 – I ………….. (tell) you if I………….. (need) help.
2 – If she ………….. (live) downtown, I …………….(visit) her
this evening.
3 – If he …………. (know) English, he……….. (have) no
trouble in finding a job.
II – Supply the correct form of the verbs in
parentheses.
1 – He would have seen her if he……………. (wait).
2 – If I ………… (be) you, I would not do it.
3 – They…………. (give) him the message if they had seen him.
===========================================================
LESSON FIFTY
SIX
ANOMALOUS VERBS - I
► Os verbos em inglês são classificados em:
a) regulares: formam o passado e o particípio passado com
–ed.
b) irregulares: Têm formas próprias para o passado e o
particípio passado.
c) Anômalos.
►Características gerais dos
verbos anômalos:
a) não têm
conjugação regular ou completa;
b) não têm
infinitivo;
c) não recebem –s ou –es na 3ª pessoa do singular no
presente;
d) são seguidos de infinitivo sem to;
e) geralmente formam suas próprias interrogativas e
negativas.
MAY
►Afirmativa: I may go.
Negativa: I may not go.
Interrogativa: May I go?
►Expressa:
a)
Permissão: May I come in ?
b)
Possibilidade: It may rain tonight.
MIGHT
► Afirmativa: I might go.
Negativa: I might not go.
Interrogativa: Might I go?
►Expressa:
a)
Permissão mais formal: Might I come in?
b)
Possibilidade mais remota: It might rain tonight.
ELEMENTARY
I – Rewrite the sentences using may. The resulting
sentences will express possibility or permission.
Ex.:
I am
going with you.
I may go
with you.
1 – He’s trying to explain it to her.
_______________________________.
2 – It’ll rain tomorrow.
_______________________________.
3 – she’s playing tennis in the afternoon.
_______________________________.
II – rewrite the sentences using might. The resulting
sentences will express weaker possibility.
Ex.: I am going
with you.
I might go with you.
1 – We will stay in Chicago.
____________________________________.
2 – The next lesson is hard.
____________________________________.
3 – There is someone in the garden.
____________________________________.
INTERMEDIATE
Write questions asking permission. Use may. Then
answer the questions in both affirmative and negative forms.
Ex.: go to the
club
May I go to the club?
Yew, you may/no, you may not.
1 – Drive your car.
_____________________________________?
_____________________________________.
2 - Ask you a question
______________________________________?
______________________________________.
3 – Help you.
______________________________________?
______________________________________.
4 – He will punish her if she disobeys him.
______________________________________.
5 – If we see her, we will kiss her.
_____________________________________.
6 – If you turn off the lights, we won’t see anything.
_____________________________________.
ADVANCED
I – Supply the correct form of the verbs in
parentheses in order to express probable condition.
1 – I ………….. (tell) you if I…………..(need) help.
2 – If she ………….. (live) downtown, I …………….(visit) her
this evening.
3 – If he …………. (know) English, he……….. (have) no
trouble in finding a job.
II – Supply the correct form of the verbs in
parentheses.
1 – He would have seen her if he…………….(wait).
2 – If I ………… (be) you, I would not do it.
3 – They…………. (give) him the message if they had seen him.
=========================================================
LESSON FIFTY
SERVEN
ANOMALOUS VERBS - II
CAN
►Afirmativa: I can play.
Negativa: I cannot play. (can’t)
Interrogativa: Can I play?
Expressa:
a)
Capacidade: She can swim.
b)
Permissão/ possibilidade: You can leave now.
COULD
►Afirmativa: I could play.
Negativa: I could not play. (Couldn’t)
Interrogativa: Could I play?
Expressa:
a)
Capacidade: She could swim years ago.
b)
Permissão / possibilidade: You could leave five minutesago.
► Can e could são usados nos
tempos presente, passado, futuro e condicional e podem ser substituídos por to be able to.
MUST
►Afirmativa: I must play.
Negativa: I must not play. (mustn’t)
Interrogativa: Must I play?
►Expressa:
a)
Obrigação: Everybody must pay his bills.
b)
Dedução: you are pale. You must be sick.
c)
Proibição: You mustn’t smoke here.
d)
Conselho: You must see that play.
ELEMENTARY
I – Rewrite the
sentences using can. The resulting sentences will express ability, possibility
or permission.
Example:
I am going with you.
I can go with you.
1 – He speaks
English.
_______________________________.
2 – We have a good
time here.
_______________________________.
3 – I walk to
school in the morning.
_______________________________.
II – Put sentences
1 to 3 into the interrogative and 4 to 6 into the negative form.
1 – We can leave
for dinner.
____________________________________.
2 – The y could
work together.
____________________________________.
3 – She must study
hard.
____________________________________.
INTERMEDIATE
I - Write sentences
using to be able to in the correct form.
Ex.: Swim tomorrow
He will be
able to
swim tomorrow.
1 – Read that
letter yesterday.
_____________________________________.
2- Come today.
______________________________________.
3 – Travel next
year
______________________________________.
II – Rewrite the
sentences using to have to in the correct form. The resulting sentences will
express the same
as the sentences with must: obligation, advice, deduction or
prohibition.
Ex.: We study Portuguese every day.
We have to study
Portuguese every day.
1 – I read that
book today.
__________________________________.
2 – He will travel
next month.
__________________________________.
3 – We went home by
car yesterday.
__________________________________.
============================================================
LESSON FIFTY
EIGHT
ANOMALOUS VERBS – III
OUGHT
TO
►Afirmativa: I ought to go.
Negativa: I ought not to go. (oughtn’t)
Interrogativa: Ought I to go?
Expressa:
c)
Conselho: Youought to visit your grandmother.
d)
Dever: Youought to do your homework.
Ought to e should são usados nos tempos
presente, passado e futuro.
SHOULD
►Afirmativa: I should go.
Negativa: I should not go. (shouldn’t)
Interrogativa: Should I go?
Expressa:
c)
Conselho: You should visit you grandmother.
d)
Dever: You should do your homework.
► Ought to e should são
usados nos tempos presente, passado e futuro..
USED
TO
►Afirmativa: He used to swim.
Negativa: He didn’t use to swim.
Interrogativa: Did He use to swim?
►Used to expressa um hábito
passado.
►To be used to:
estar acostumado a
Ex.: He is used to swimming in the morning.
ELEMENTARY
I –Write sentences
1 to 3 using ought to and sentences 4 to 8 using should. The resulting
sentences will express obligation or advice.
Example: study
You ought to study. / You should study.
1 – make a cake.
_______________________________.
2 – cook dinner.
_______________________________.
3 – not clean the
room.
_______________________________.
4 – talk to him.
_______________________________.
5 – not help her.
_______________________________.
6 – go to a doctor.
_______________________________.
II – Rewrite these
sentences using used to. The resulting sentences will express habitual past
actions.
1 – We went to
Times Square.
____________________________________.
2 – He reads a lot.
____________________________________.
3 – I had a dog.
____________________________________.
INTERMEDIATE
I – Put these
sentences into the interrogative and negative forms.
1 – He used to tell
me stories.
_____________________________________.
2- You ought to go
with us.
______________________________________.
3 – I should have
lunch with him.
=====================================================
LESSON FIFTY
NINE
INTERROGATIVES
►
What is his occupation? He is a teacher.
►When
did He arrive? He arrived yesterday.
►Where
did you live? I live in Goiania.
►Why are you say? Because I am
hungry.
►Who is that girl?
That’s Mary.
►Which of these
books do you like Best? I like the red one.
►Whose dress is
that? It’s Mary’s.
► How are you? I’m
fine.
► Expressões
formadas com how:
How many...
how long..... how deep...
How much...
how far... how often...
How old... how tall... how big...
ELEMENTARY
I –Supply the
correct interrogative.
1 – ……….. is your
sister? She’s fine, thanks.
2 – ………..did you
see? I saw Mary.
3 – ………..is she
tired? Because she has worked a lot.
INTERMEDIATE
Ask questions.
Ex.: He is in the garden.
Where is he?
1 – She is reading
a letter.
_____________________________________.
2- I went to the
club yesterday.
______________________________________.
3 – That girl is my
sister.
______________________________________.
ADVANCED
Supply the correct
interrogatives.
1 - …………..brothers
do you have? I have two brothers.
2 - …………..does it
take you to go to school? I t takes me 5 minutes.
3 - …………..is the
river? It is 10 meters deep.
======================================================
LESSON SIXTY
TAG
ENDINGS – I
► Tag endings são pequenas perguntas
colocadas ao final das orações, para pedir uma informação ou confirmação do que
foi dito.
►Após uma oração afirmativa, usa-se o
tag ending negativo.
Ex.: Mary is working, isn’t she?
Paulo will come, won’t he?
They work in the morning,
don’t they?
Bob plays the piano, doesn’t
he?
Mary talked to you, didn’t
he?
►Características gerais do tag ending:
a) Vem sempre após uma vírgula;
b) é sempre formado por um verbo auxiliar ou anômalo e um
pronome;
c) a forma negativa aparece sempre abreviada.
ELEMENTARY
I –Supply the
correct tag endings.
1 – He is sleeping
now,…………..?
2 – They are going
to work tomorrow,………..?
3 – Bob arrived
late,……………..?
II – Supply the
correct tag endings.
1 – It might
rain,……………?
2- The firemen
broke the door down, ………..?
3 – You could have
arrived earlier,………..?
======================================================
LESSON SIXTY
ONE
TAG
ENDINGS – II
► Quando a oração for negativa, o tag
ending será afirmativo.
Ex.: Mary isn’t
working, is she?
Paul won’t come, will he?
They don’t work in the morning, do they?
Bob doesn’t play the piano, does he?
Mary didn’t talk to you, did
she?
►Casos
especiais:
1 – I AM very late, aren’t
I ? / am I not ?
2 – Let’s go home now, shall we?
3 – Open the window, will you ?
4 – She may go now, may she not?
ELEMENTARY
I –Supply the correct tag endings.
1 – She isn’t your
mother,…………..?
2 – They aren’t
studying,………..?
3 – I am your
friend,,……………..?
II – Supply the
correct tag endings.
1 – You don’t
believe her,……………?
3-
The children aren’t looking for Jack, ………..?
4 – The players
shouldn’t shout so much,………..?
=======================================================
LESSON SIXTY
TWO
PASSIVE
VOICE - I
► Como se forma: verbo to be (no tempo
adequado) + particípio passado do verbo principal.
Ex.: Jane writes a
letter. - ->
A letter is written by Jane.
Jane wrote a letter. -
-> A letter was written by
Jane.
►Tempo
verbal:
Tempo
verbal
Voz
ativa
Voz
passiva
Presente
continuo
Passado
continuo Going to
Futuro
simples
Futuro
continuo
Presente
simples
Passado
simples
Presente
perfeito
Presente
perfeito
Condicional
simples
Condicional
perfeito
Can
is reading
was reading
is going to read
will read will be reading reads
read
has read
had read would read
would have
can read
s being read
was being read
is going to be read
will be real
will be being read
is read
was read
has been read
had been read
would be read
would have been read can be
read
ELEMENTARY
I –Supply the correct form of the verbs in the
Passive Voice
.
1 – He writes many
letters every day.
Many letters……………….by the boys.
2 – The boys have
finished the report.
The report………………..by the boys.
3 – She will read
the message.
The message ………….. by her.
=========================================================
LESSON SIXTY
THREE
PASSIVE VOICE - II
►O objeto da voz ativa torna-se sujeito
na voz passiva.
►O sujeito torna-se agente da passiva.
► O
agente da passiva vem sempre precedido por by ou, então, pode ser omitido.
Ex.: Jane is reading the book;
The book is being read (by Jane).
► Quando o verbo na voz ativa tiver
dois objetos, qualquer um deles pode ser o sujeito da passava.
Ex.:John told me a story. - A story was told
to me (by John).
- I was told a story (by John).
ELEMENTARY
I –Put these sentences into the Passive Voice.
1 – We followed the
leader.
_________________________________.
2 – The children
have lost new doghouse.
_________________________________.
3 – Justice punishes
crimes.
_________________________________.
INTERMEDIATE
Put these sentences into the Passive Voice.
1 – She tells us
stories every night.
_________________________________.
2 – He explained
the theory to us.
_________________________________.
3 - Donald will
send a card to Betty.
_________________________________.
ADVANCED
Put these sentences into the Active Voice.
1 – The Japanese
lamp was broken by the girls.
_____________________________________.
2 - Information is
stored by computers.
_____________________________________.
3 - The letters
were sent by Karl.
_____________________________________.
====================================================
LESSON SIXTY
FOUR
PREPOSITIONS – IV
beside: so lado de; junto a
besides: além de; em adição a
beyond:
além de; mais longe que
but: exceto
despite:
apesar de, não obstante
down: para baixo; abaixo
like:
como
throughout: através, durante
towards: em direção a
with:
com
within:
dentro de
without:
sem
INTERMEDIATE
I – Supply beside,
besides, beyond or but
.
1 – He is sitting………………Alice.
2 – Two girls won prizes…………us.
3 - Te bad man is…………salvation.
II – Supply despite, down, like or towards.
1 – Your house is
just…………… mine.
2 – We climbed……………the hill and rested
in the valley.
3 - I want a car……………yours.
III – Supply throughout,
with , within or without
.
1 – you cannot
write…………..this pen.
2 – I’m going to ravel…………my mother.
3 - you can’t leave……………money.
ADVANCED
Supply the appropriate prepositions.
1 – The director
will arrive…………… an hour.
2 - This road
leads……………….the sea.
3 - He is
sitting………………Helen.
=====================================================
LESSON SIXTY FIVE
DIRECT AND INDIRECT SPEECH – I
► Há duas formas de se relatar o que
alguém disse: pelo discurso direto, quando repetimos o que foi dito usando as
mesmas palavras da pessoa, e pelo discurso indireto, quando contamos com nossas
próprias palavras o que foi dito.
Ex.: John Said, “I
work every Day.” (discurso direto)
John said that He worked every Day. (discurso indireto)
► Observe as mudanças mais freqüentes:
Discurso
direto
Discurso
indireto
He Said, “I have a test
today.”
®
He said, “ I worked
yesterday.”
®
He said, “I’ll work
tomorrow.”
®
He said, “I’m working
now.”
®
He said, “I was working ®
5 minute ago.
He said, “ I have lived
here.”
®
He said, “I can work.” ®
He said that he had a test
that day.
He said that he had worked
the day before.
He said that he would work
the next day.
He said that he was working
then.
He said that he had been working 5 minutes before.
He said that he had lived
there.
He said that he could work.
INTERMEDIATE
Put these sentences into the Indirect Speech.
1 – He said, “I feel well today.”
______________________________________________
2 – She said, “The girls are in the garden.”
______________________________________________
3 – Mary sad, “The boys are playing chess now.”
LESSON SIXTY
SIX
DIRECT
AND INDIRECT SPEECH – II
► Quando se relata uma ordem, usa-se o
infinitivo.
Ex.: He said, “Open the
door.”
®H e
¨told me
¨asked me
to open the door.
He said “Don’t open the
door.”
®He
¨told me
¨asked me
not to open the door.
►Quando se relata uma pergunta,
colocar-se a frase na forma afirmativa e observam-se as mesmas transformações
feitas com as frases afirmativas (lição 65).
Ex>; He Said, “Where is
Paul?”
® He asked where Paul was.
He said, “Is Paul here?” ® He asked if
Paul was there.
Nota:
Pode-se usar
whether no lugar de if.
►Would,
could, should, must e might não mudam de forma.
Ex.:
He said, “could go.”
® He said that hecould go.
►Say é usado sem objeto indireto ou com
objeto indireto precedido de “to”.
No discurso indireto, tell é usado com
objeto indireto não precedido de “to”.
Ex.:
John Said, “I Love Mary.”
®John said that he loved Mary.
John said to
Mary, “I love you.”
® John told Mary that he loved her.
ELEMENTARY
Put these sentences into the Indirect Speech.
Introduce them using told in sentences 1 to 3 and He said that in sentences 4
to 6.
1 – Johan said to Mary, “I hate you.”
_______________________________________
2 – I said to the porter, “I am Mr. Spencer.”
_______________________________________
3 – He said to Jane, “I am always here on Fridays.”
_______________________________________
4 - “I must go to the library before it closes.”
____________________________________
5 – “Nobody could paint a picture as well as you.”
____________________________________
6 – “You should leave the country at once.”
____________________________________
INTERMEDIATE
Put these sentences into the Indirect Speech using the
verbs indicated.
1 – “Sit down!” (he asked)
_______________________________________________
2 – “Come here!“ (they ordered)
_______________________________________________
3 – “Don’t run
away!” (she told)
_______________________________________________
ADVANCED
Put these sentences into the Indirect Speech.
Introduce them using HE/SHE asked me in sentences 1 a 3 HE/SHE wanted to know in sentences 4 to 6.
1 – “What are you
doing?”
____________________________________
2 - “Do you play
the piano?”
____________________________________
3 - “How did you go
to school?”
=======================================================
LESSON SIXTY
SERVEN
► DIRECT
AND INDIRECT SPEECH – III
( No have exemple)
ADVANCED
Put these sentences into the Indirect Speech.
1 – She said to me,
“Can you draw a horse?”
____________________________________
2 – Frank said to
us, “Why are you digging this hole in the garden?”
____________________________________
3 – My neighbor
said, “My flowers didn’t grow as much as yours.”
____________________________________
============================================================
LESSON SIXTY
EIGHT
CAUSATIVE
USE OF HAVE
►Para indicar uma ação realizada pro
alguém a nosso pedido ou em nosso favor, usamos uma forma apropriada do verbo
to HAVE ou to GET e o particípio passado do verbo principal.
Ex.: I often have my car washed.
I often get my car washed.
He had this house painted.
He got his house painted.
We will have our hair cult tomorrow.
We will get our hair cut
tomorrow.
ELEMENTARY
Check A if the subject performed the action and B when
someone else did it.
1 – She cleans her room every day. ( )
2 – I took a picture yesterday. ( )
3 – Judy was making her dress. ( )
INTERMEDIATE
Transform the sentences using causative have.
1 – They are washing their car now.
______________________________________________
2 – I have brushed my hair.
______________________________________________
3 – I’ll publish my poems some day.
______________________________________________
ADVANCED
Write sentences.
Example: Cindy/ mail / the letters / tomorrow.
Cindy will have the letters mailed tomorrow.
1 – I? just press? My clothes
_____________________________________________
2 – Bob? pull? two teeth? Next week
_____________________________________________
3 – Doris? do? The dishes? every day
____________________________________________
=========================================================
LESSON SIXTY
NINE
IT
TAKES
►Usa-se it takes para expressar o
período de tempo que se leva para realizar uma ação.
Ex.: It takes me 20 minutes to GO from home to
school.
It took him
one hour to write the letter.
It will take
us 30 minutes to clean our room.
ELEMENTARY
Rewrite the sentences using it takes, it took or it
will take.
Example: He
goes to school in 10 minutes.
It takes him 10 minutes to go to school.
1 – I recovered from my cold in a week.
_______________________________________
2 – She went to work in 45 minutes.
_______________________________________
3 – You’ll reach him in 20 minutes.
_______________________________________
INTERMEDIATE
Answer these questions.
1 – How long does it take her to write a report? (30
minutes)
______________________________________________
2 – How long does it take you to clean the house? (one
day)
______________________________________________
3 – How long will it take you to go to Rome? (7 hours)
______________________________________________
===============================================
LESSON SEVENTY
GERUND
►O gerúndio é uma forma verbal
caracterizada pela terminação –ing e funciona como substantivo.
Ex.: Swimming is good to our body
►O gerúndio também é usado:
a) Após preposições.
Ex.: She is tired
of working.
b) Após os verbos come e go (quando indicarem atividade
física).
Ex.: Let’s GO shopping.
c)
Após os verbos: admit, avoid, appreciate, consider,continue, delay, detest, deny, enjoy, escape, finish, imagine, keep, mind,
miss, practice, resist, suggest, stop, try e understand.
Ex.: He admitted
being wrong.
►Assim
como o gerúndio, o particípio presente também é caracterizado pela terminação
–ing. O particípio presente é usado para formar tempos contínuos.
Ex.: He is playing the guitar now.
ELEMENTARY
I – Supply the gerund form of the verbs in
parentheses.
1 – The man admitted……………………(steal) the jewelry.
2 – She is very fond of ………………….(swim).
3 – They would appreciate………………(hear) from you.
II – Supply the gerund form of the verb in
parentheses.
1 – She couldn’t avoid……………..(look) at him during the concert.
2 – They’re thinking about……….. (go) to the mountains
next month.
3 – She began to cry after……….(hear) the news.
=====================================================
LESSON SEVENTY
ONE
INFINITIVE
► O infinitivo é a forma original do
verbo e pode aparecer com ou sem a
partícula to.
►Usa-se o infinitivo sem to:
d) Após os verbos anômalos, os verbos auxiliares do e
Will e os verbos make e let.
Ex.: I can swim.
Do you like coffee?
Let me go.
e) Após as conjunções but e except.
Ex.: I will do
nothing but cry.
►Usa-se
o infinitivo com to:
a)
Após os verbos tell, invite, teach, remind, wish,desire, want.
Ex.: I want to go home.
He told me to stop.
b)
Após as palavras too, enough, the first, the second,the last, the only.
Ex.: We are too
young to die.
I was the first one to arrive.
c)
Após adjetivos.
Ex.: This exercise
is difficult to do.
►►Atenção! O verbo help aceita infinitivo com ou sem
to.
Ex.: They helped us
do our homework.
They helped us to do our homework.
INTERMEDIATE
I – Supply the infinitive with or without to.
1 – Let’s…………………… (dance), shall we?
2 – It’s hard ………………….(study) all day.
3 – I’ll do anything for you but………………(wash) your car.
II – Supply the infinitive with or without to.
1 – It is wrong………………… (treat) animals cruelly.
2 – Please, let me …………….. (study) here.
3 – I made him…………. (answer) the letter.
=
=========================================================
LESSON SEVENTY TWO
INFINITEVE
AND GERUND
► Os verbos feel, hear, notice,
observe, see, watch podem ser seguidos de gerúndio ou de infinitivo sem to.
Ex.: They watched the birds
flying.
They watched the bids fly.
►Verbos que podem ser seguidos de
gerúndio ou de infinitivo com to:
advise
forget
permit
allow
hate
prefer
attempt
intend
remember
begin
like
start
continue
love
stop
dislike
neglect
try
Ex.: I hate getting up
early.
I hate to get up early.
►Os
verbos advise, permit e allow, acompanhados de objeto direto, são seguidos do
infinitivo com to. Não havendo objeto direto, esses verbos são seguidos
apenas de gerúndio.
Ex.: He allowed us to smoke.
He allowed us smoking.
►Observe o verbo stop:
They stopped to talk. (Eles pararam para
conversar.)
They stopped talking. (Eles pararam de
conversar.)
INTERMEDIATE
Supply the Gerund or the Infinitive of the verbs in
parentheses.
1 – I heard
you………………….(sing.)
2 – We observed the bird…………………(make) is nest.
3 - They
started……………….(look) for the criminal.
ADVANCED
Supply the Gerund or the Infinitive of the verbs in
parentheses.
1 – They had a bath before……………………….(go) to school.
2 – It’s hard…………………..(study) all day.
3 – We heard the baby……………….(cry).
==========================================================
73 - LESSON SEVENTY
THREE
WOULD RATHER / HAD BETTER
►
Would rather (‘d rather) expressa preferência.
Ex.: I’m tired. I would rather take a taxi
than walk home.
►Had
better (‘d better) expressa conselho.
Ex.: You look sick. You had better see a doctor.
ELEMENTARY
Supply would rather or had better.
1 – I ………………….eat in a restaurant than at home.
2 – He…………………rest a while. He’s been working for five
hours.
3 -
You……………….go to the dentist immediately.
INTERMEDIATE
I – Transform these sentences in order to introduce
would rather or had better.
1 – It will be better if you take an umbrella.
____________________________________
2 – She prefers to go by car. She doesn’t like to
walk.
____________________________________
3 – It will be better if I go home now. It’s very
late.
____________________________________
II – Supply the correct tag ending.
1 – You’d rather spend the winter in the
mountains,……………..?
2 – The doctor’d rather examine him in this
office,………………?
3 – She’d better see him after lunch,……………………..?
Pessoas! Você necessita fazer exercícios dos cursos livre da internet para complemento das fases: Elementary,
Intermediate e Advanced with possessive, adjectives and pronouns - para seu
próprio entendimento, por exemplo, veja abaixo:
Pessoas esta vale lembrar - o que é preposição - uma palavra que estabelece relação entre
termos (ligando oração entre si) e porque não dizer é o tempero gramatical e
não se esqueçam de memorizá-las
.
Attention People!
This book that I researched in
library to my plan this did write by Eduardo Amos and Elisabeth Prescher then
this is simplified Grammar Book. Editora Moderna -1978. (Pessoas this well to add my instruction
advanced with book passages Cambridge university press by Jack.Richards &
Chuck Sandy and others. I am study this nivel - right! I’m of the Blogger
English Easy is with Grammar focus my name it is Zenildabs.
People,
good luck!
Observe os diferentes tempos
das palavras (word in English always) sempre que puder tanto como nas expressoes
bem como, na lei das ações e do movimento.
Really is a word that have
the meaning of the “realmente (? ! .)” so this have a expression when you talk
Really? Efaticamente, estressa, persiste no son.
really? (é verdade?) this true? (é
mesmo?) r.: I really mean that. (de verdade). Is it really true? (de verdade?) yes! (expressa surpresa, interesse, dúvida,
etc.)
You can play baseball really well. (muito bem)
Do you really
play
soccer? … realmentejoga…?)
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